中世纪后期北欧远程贸易模式变迁研究

A Study of Change of Long-distance Trade Pattern in Northern Europe in the Late Middle Ages

中世纪后期(10世纪—16世纪),北部欧洲的贸易发展先后经历了远程贸易的常态化、大宗商品转运和港口集散贸易3个阶段。各阶段的模式特征主要体现在职业商人群体、商品内容和规模、市场网络、货币形式、地理空间和贸易中心更迭等要素的变化组合当中。各阶段贸易模式植根于中世纪城市经济,各自依赖的市场网络皆受占据区位和产业优势的核心城市所支配,特别是两大枢纽城市布鲁日和安特卫普。16世纪晚期,以现代国家和国民经济体系为支撑的阿姆斯特丹强势崛起为世界经济“都会”,这标志着由中世纪共同体参与的转运贸易落幕,由个人和股份公司主导的现代贸易模式代之而起。

The trade development of northern Europe has experienced three stages:the normalization of long-distance trade,the transit trade of buck goods and the trade of port-distribution in the late Middle Ages(10th-16th century).The pattern characteristics of each stage are reflected in the changing combination of professional merchant groups,commodity contents and scales,market networks,currency,geographical space and change of trade center.All stages are rooted in the medieval urban economy,and their reliant market networks are dominated by the core cities which have regional and industrial advantages,particularly Bruges in Flanders and Antwerp in Brabant.By the late 16th century,it is Amsterdam that supported by the modern state and national economic system,rose abruptly and became the"metropolis"of world economy.It means the end of the transit trade that involved by medieval commerce community,but the modern trade model which is dominated by individuals and joint-stock companies replaced it and sprung up.