混合制度的罗马法起源、历史演变与中国《民法典》适用

The Origin of Roman Law, Historical Evolution and Application of the Mingling System Stipulated in the Civil Code of China

混合制度来源于罗马法。它区分合意混合和非合意混合,前者如种类物的混合保管、混合运输,后者如侵权甚至盗窃行为引起的分属两人的固体物或液体物的混合。盖尤斯及其所属的萨宾派更注意合意混合在商法中的积极作用,彭波尼及其所属的普罗库鲁斯派则更注意非合意混合的破坏作用。中世纪,注释法学家把混合与加工、附合一并考虑,统称为人工添附,这样的安排影响了包括我国《民法典》在内的诸多民法典。各国民法典都在所有权取得方式的框架内规定非意定混合,把存在于同一民法典中的为数不少的意定混合视为不同的制度。我国《民法典》第322条本身对混合问题无行为规范意义,而是援引条外规范解决问题。其作为裁判规范,为法官处理非意定混合提供了保护无过错当事人的指引意见,具体的方法是提供了决定混合成果归属的权利,同时又以绿色原则限制了无过错当事人的决定权。

The system of commingling is derived from Roman law. It distinguishes between consensual commingling and non-consensual commingling. The former is the mixed storage and transportation of kinds of objects, while the latter is the mixing of solid or liquid objects belonging to two persons caused by infringement or even theft. Gaius and his Sabinian school pay more attention to the positive effect of consensual mixing in commercial law, while Pomponius and his Proculusian school devote greater attention to the destructive effect of non-consensual commingling. In the Middle Ages, commentators considered confusion, specification and adjunction together, collectively referred to as artificial accesses ion. This arrangement affected many civil codes including the Civil Code of China. Unfortunately, the civil codes of various countries stipulate non-consensual commingling within the framework of the method of ownership acquisition, and regard the many consensual commingling existing in the same civil code as different systems. Article 322 of the Civil Code of China itself is not an act norm regarding commingling issues, and invokes the norms outside the Code to solve the problem. However, as a criterion for judging, it provides guidance for judges to deal with non-consensual commingling to protect non-faulty parties. Specifically, it provides them with the right to determine the attribution of mixed results, and at the same time restricts the right of decision-making for non-fault parties with the Green Principle.