“以人民为中心”何以作为人权主体话语?——基于马克思主义语境中“人民”概念之证成

Why Is “People-centered”the Subject Discourse of Human Rights?——Justification Based on the Concept of“People” in the Context of Marxism

理解并证成"以人民为中心"之人权主体话语性质的基础在于,以马克思主义人权主体观为根本依据,阐释新时代中国特色社会主义人权实践和理论中的"人民"概念。虽然在革命语境中,马克思主义的"人民"概念具有浓厚的阶级性特征;但是,马克思主义经典作家,在最根本的意义上,则是在"人的解放"之"人"的意义中阐发"人民"概念的。基于"人的解放"之"人"的主体性特征,"人民"概念既是一个表述现实社会有机体的概念,也是表达个人之社会成员身份的概念。此概念是外延广泛的纳入性概念,并以"普通劳动者"为语义重心;从终极意义上讲,"人民"是作为"创造者"的主体概念。因此,将"以人民为中心"构建为人权主体话语,以"人民"概念表述人权主体,既是马克思主义"人民"概念的内在逻辑要求,也符合人权话语的本质。其可以更全面表述人权主体的广泛性,以及人的全面发展的各项诉求;可以更加突出人权的价值取向和实践保障要求;且更有利于实现个体人权和集体人权的有机统一。同时,这一话语也可以集中反映新时代中国特色社会主义之人权主张和实践,进而作为作为构建新时代中国特色社会主义人权话语体系的基础话语。

The basis for understanding and justifying the discourse of"people-centrism",as a discourse of the human rights subject, lies in the interpretation of the concept of"people"in the human rights practice and theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, which is based on the Marxist thought on subject of human rights.In the context of revolution, the Marxist concept of"people"has distinctive features of class;However, the classic Marxist writers, in the most fundamental sense, interpret the concept of"people"in the meaning of"human"in the context of"human liberation".Based on the characteristics of"human"in the context of"human liberation",the concept of"people"should be a concept that expresses the realistic social organism and individuals as members of society."People"should also be an inclusive concept with a broad extension, with"ordinary laborer"as its semantic focus.In the most fundamental sense, "people"is the concept of subject as"creator". Therefore, constructing"people-centrism"as the discourse of human rights subjects and expressing the subject of human rights in the concept of"people"is not only the inherent logical requirement of the Marxist concept of"people",but also conforms to the essence of human rights discourse.It can more comprehensively express the broadness of human rights subjects and the various demands of human all-round development;it can highlight the value orientation and practical protection requirements of human rights;it is also more conducive to the realization of the organic unity of individual human rights and collective human rights.Moreover, this discourse can also intensively reflect the human rights claims and practices of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and thus can be used as the basic discourse for constructing a socialist human rights discourse system with Chinese characteristics in the new era.