刑事电子数据取证的基本权利干预——基于六个典型案例的分析

Basic Rights Intervention in the Obtainment of Digital Data as Evidence in Criminal Case——An Analysis Based on Six Typical Cases

电子数据作为网络信息时代的证据之王,其种类繁多、范围广泛,由此决定了电子数据承载着各种基本权利。明晰电子数据所承载的基本权利,是电子数据取证中实现"尊重和保障人权"的重要前提。财产类电子数据中承载着财产权,传统的扣押、冻结等侦查措施无法完成对数字货币的有效取证,直接将数字货币变现后予以扣押,既存在对财产权保障不足的问题,也可能侵犯犯罪嫌疑人其他基本权利。隐私类电子数据中隐私权客体的扩张及其依附载体的变化,决定了此类电子数据取证中可能存在隐私权无形干预和二次干预的问题。通信类电子数据中承载着通信自由和通信秘密权,侦查机关可以选择通过搜查、调取、远程勘验等方式收集此类电子数据,但现有制度设计各自会面临对通信自由权保障不足的问题。言论表达类电子数据承载着言论自由权,侦查机关收集此类电子数据,虽不会干预狭义言论自由,但可能会干预出版自由。基本权利干预电子数据取证应遵循的基本原则包括法律保留主义、令状主义、比例原则以及非法证据排除等。

As the king of evidence in the digital era, electronic evidence has numerous varieties and wide scope.So there are different kinds of fundamental rights in electronic evidence.To respect and safeguard human rights in the collection of electronic evidence, it’s necessary to clarify fundamental rights carried in electronic evidence.Digital currency carries property rights and it can not be effectively collected by traditional investigation measures such as seizure and freezing.Seizing the money liquidated by digital currency directly may intervene the property rights and other fundamental rights.For the expansion of privacy object and the change of its form in electronic evidence, the collection of electronic evidence may cause the intangible and secondary intervention in privacy.Communication electronic evidence carries the right of communication freedom and secret.Investigators could collect this kind of electronic evidence by search, investigation, remote inspection and other measures.However the existing rules of those measures may provide insufficient protection of communication freedom.In terms of the collection or extraction of electronic evidence with expression of speech, investigators may infringe fundamental freedom of press rather than the freedom of speech.To protect fundamental rights, basic legal principles include legal reservation, writ system, proportionality analysis, and illegal evidence exclusion.