服务业高端化与增长效率模式重塑——兼论人力资本梯度升级与知识生产消费一体化过程

High-end Service Industry and Remodel of Growth Efficiency——Human Capital Upgrading and the Integration Process of Knowledge Production and Consumption

服务业主导经济增长是大规模工业化发展之后的必然,而高端服务业发展决定了结构服务化过程的效率改进能力。基于对样本国家及地区产业结构升级和高端服务业特征化事实的跨国比较,研究发现:(1)中国服务业总体结构大致相当于美国20世纪20年代中期、加拿大20世纪40年代初和日本20世纪60年代中期的水平,结构服务化还有待进一步提升;(2)全球成功实现增长跨越的经济体不仅表现出高端服务业占比的不断提升,同时还表现出高端服务业效率的追赶路径;(3)中国高端服务业占比和竞争力还有待加强,工业对经济的拉动作用仍然较为突出;并且,发达经济体应对结构性减速冲击形成的新型效率模式,普遍呈现出的“高服务业占比、高人力资本占比、高知识消费占比”的特征。提出了对结构服务化时期增长效率模式重塑的基本认识和政策建议,中国在服务业高端化过程中,一方面,应协同人力资本梯度升级和消费结构升级,推动知识生产消费一体化过程,从而能有效联结供给端和需求端,形成知识消费和人力资本的动态效率补偿;另一方面,应推动高端服务业与制造业深度融合,服务业行业分工细化的高端发展,突破人才培养的机制障碍,创新人才培养模式和汇聚人才的方式,同时,加快推进教育、文化、卫生等人力资本积累相关的高端服务行业改革,提高公共服务行业供给效率,扩大中等收入群体规模。

It is inevitable that the service industry leads the economic growth after the development of large-scale industrialization,and the development of high-end service industry determines the efficiency improvement ability of the process of service-oriented structure.Based on a cross-country comparison of the facts of industrial structure upgrading and high-end service industry characteristics in sample countries and regions,the study found that:(1)The overall structure of China's service industry is roughly equivalent to the level of the United States in the mid-1920s,Canada in the early 1940s and Japan in the mid-1960s,and the service-oriented structure needs to be further improved.(2)Economies that have successfully achieved growth leapfrog not only show that the proportion of high-end services keeps increasing,but also show the process of improving the growth efficiency of high-end services.(3)The proportion and competitiveness of China's high-end service industry have yet to be strengthened,and the role of industry in stimulating the economy is still relatively prominent.Developed economies generally show the characteristics of"high service sector,high human capital and high knowledge consumption".This article puts forward the basic understanding and policy recommendations on the reshaping of the growth efficiency model during the period of structural servicing.In the process of high-end service industry in China,on the one hand,it should coordinate the gradient upgrade of human capital and the upgrade of consumption structure to promote the integration of knowledge production and consumption,so as to effectively connect the supply side and the demand side,and form the dynamic efficiency compensation of knowledge consumption and human capital.On the other hand,the deep integration of high-end service industry and manufacturing industry should be promoted,and the high-end development of service industry should be refined.It is necessary to break through the mechanism barriers of talent training,and innovate the talent training model and the way of gathering talents.At the same time,we should accelerate the reform of high-end service industries related to human capital accumulation in education,culture,and health,improve the supply efficiency of public service industries,and expand the scale of middle-income groups.