村干部的角色类型与村民自治实践困境——基于上海、珠三角、浙江三地农村的考察

The Role Types of Village Officials and the Practical Dilemma of Villagers’ Self-governance——Based on the Investigation of Rural Areas in Shanghai,Pearl River Delta and Zhejiang

厘清村干部角色特征是认识村民自治制度实践状况的切入口。村干部角色实践在东部发达地区农村存在很大差异,至少形成政府代理人、村庄当家人和经营者三种村干部角色类型,表现为行政主导型、社会主导型、个人主导型三种村级治理模式。村干部不同的权力取得方式和利益实现方式是村干部角色类型的重要型构机制。村干部角色的特定偏向使村民自治制度出现不同面向的实践异化,造成国家、村庄以及个人三者利益的失衡,由此构建的是一个不均衡的利益分配秩序和治理秩序。针对村民自治制度实践中的不同问题,地方政府应采取不同的应对策略,使村民自治回归其本义。

Clarifying the role characteristics of village officials is the key to understanding the practice of villagers’self-governance system.There are great differences in the role of village officials in the eastern developed areas,which can be at least classified into three types:government agent,village leader and manager.These three roles lead to three kinds of village level governance modes,namely,government-oriented type,society-oriented type and individual-oriented type.The different ways of obtaining power and realizing interests of village officials are the important structural mechanism of their role types.The specific bias of the role of village officials leads to the alienation of the practice of the villagers’self-governance system,resulting in the imbalance of the interests among the state,the village and the individual,thus building an unbalanced interest distribution order and governance order.According to the different problems in the practice of villagers’self-governance system,the local government should adopt different strategies to make the villagers’self-governance return to its original meaning.