质疑与反思:区域贸易协定中的国有企业定义

Questioning and Rethinking:The Definition of State-Owned Enterprises in Regional Trade Agreements

当前区域贸易协定中国有企业定义缺乏确定性与可预期性,不仅使规制效果大打折扣,而且易引发争议。以"政府对企业的所有权"来界定国有企业与当前法学理论发展的方向并不相符,是对政府参与经济的不信任,与企业行为本身是否扭曲贸易并无直接关系;当前国有企业章节中国有企业定义不仅包含传统意义上的国有企业,而且可能包含很多大型私营企业;国有企业章节未能与其他协定进行有效协调,可能引发双重规制。国有企业非歧视待遇条款不符合国际法归因规则,非商业援助条款缺乏相应的经济学理论支持,难以获得广泛认同。

The definition of State-Owned Enterprises leaves(SOE)a lot of uncertainties and unpredictability,which undermines the effectiveness of the rules and easily gives rise to disputes.A SOE in current RTAs refers to an enterprise engaged in commercial activities which is owned or controlled by government,and it apparently goes against the general trend of the jurisprudence.Enterprises are regulated independent of their trade distorting behavior.Additionally,as a policy response to the rise of Chinese enterprises,the definition encompasses not only state-owned enterprises,but also private enterprises controlled by the government.Besides,failure to coordinate the SOE chapter with other agreements may trigger double regulation.Last,the rule of non-discriminatory treatment is inconsistent with attribution rules,and the non-commercial assistance lacks corresponding economic theoretical support,making it difficult to gain wide acceptance.