印度尼西亚海洋管理与执法问题初探

A Preliminary Study on Maritime Management and Law Enforcement in Indonesia

印度尼西亚沿海实行分散的、基于社区管理的管理制度,这也是国外捐助机构多年来通过其计划和项目推动印度尼西亚海洋管理制度改革的主题。随着建设“全球海洋支点”国家战略的实施和推进,印度尼西亚重点加强维护和管理海洋资源,减少和消除非法捕捞、海洋污染等海上纠纷和冲突,保障航运和海上通道安全等。但目前印度尼西亚的海洋管理与海上执法还存在诸多问题,沿海地区管理权力下放的进程仍处于起步阶段,海洋资源冲突日益严重,执法部门存在严重的腐败问题。还有诸如资金、人员和设施缺乏;沿海和海洋资源管理法律法规存在漏洞,缺乏整合;各执法机构之间缺乏协调机制和沟通;缺乏环境和自然资源意识;需要监测和执法的地理区域广阔等问题。严重的海上非传统安全威胁也是印度尼西亚面临的突出问题。

At present,Indonesia practices a decentralized and community-based maritime management in its coastal areas,which is also the theme of foreign donor agencies'efforts to reform through their programmes and projects for many years.Indonesian President Joko Widodo vowed tomaintain and manage marine resources,eliminate the source of conflicts at sea,such as illegal fishing and marine pollution,maintain the safety of shipping and maritime security under the so-called“Global Maritime Fulcrum”vision.With this shift of agenda,Indonesia is faced with a need to protect,conserve,and manage its marine and coastal resources.However,there are still many problems in marine management and maritime law enforcement in Indonesia.Decentralization of the management power in coastal areas is still in its initial stage,the conflicts of marine resources are becoming increasingly intractable,and there is a serious problem of corruption in law enforcement departments.In addition,Indonesia is faced with the absence of integrated law enforcement arrangements,including the lack of integration in the laws and regulations for coastal and marine resource management;lack of inter-agency coordination mechanisms and communications among the various enforcement agencies;lack of environmental and natural resource awareness of problems and impact from illegal or destructive practices;the vast geographic area requiring surveillance and enforcement;and limited enforcement resources,such as funds,personnel,and facilities.Another outstanding problem for Indonesia is the serious threat of non-traditional maritime security.