全球卫生外交的特征与中国实践

Features of Global Health Diplomacy and China’s Practice

全球卫生外交是卫生健康同外交工作相结合的产物,跨国性突发卫生事件的频发是全球卫生外交不断发展的前提。全球卫生外交,是以应对传染病等公共卫生危机为重点,主要以主权国家为主体,依赖卫生、外交等部门的联合行动,在世界卫生组织等国际组织的领导与协调下,通过国际医疗合作维护本国利益以及促进全球健康治理的外交实践。全球卫生外交在21世纪呈现新的特征:客体特征上,卫生和外交的融合日益紧密;主体特征上,开展全球卫生外交的主体在增加;方式特征上,公共卫生领域的合作性与竞争性并存,且竞争性有加剧趋势;模式特征上,各国利用自身优势开展各具特色的全球卫生外交。中国的全球卫生外交在体现上述特点的同时,在实践上有五个关键的时间节点:1963年派遣援外医疗队是中国卫生外交事业的起点,1971年恢复联合国合法席位后中国开始在世界卫生组织框架下开展全球卫生外交,2003年抗击非典倒逼中国开展全方位国际卫生合作,2014年援非抗埃是中国成建制参与的全球卫生外交行动,2020年抗击新冠肺炎疫情使中国卫生外交进入全球健康治理新阶段。与其他欧美国家相比,中国卫生外交虽然起步较晚,但具有鲜明的特色。

Global health diplomacy,a fruit of the marriage between health and diplomacy,has evolved continuously due to the frequent occurrence of transnational health emergencies.At the core of global health diplomacy is the joint efforts by health and diplomatic departments of sovereign states to cope with infectious diseases and even public health crises,under the leadership and coordination of international organizations,such as WHO.It aims at protecting national interests and promoting global health governance through international cooperation.It takes on new features in the 21st century.Health and diplomacy are increasingly closely integrated,with an increasing number of players involved.Competition on public health,which coexists with cooperation,tends to intensify in this century.Countries have fully exploited their comparative advantages in the conduct of global health diplomacy.While embodying the above features,China's health diplomacy in the world can also be divided into five stages in history:sending medical teams to help foreign countries in 1963 was the starting point;China's global health diplomacy in the framework of the WHO started after its legal seat in the United Nations was resumed in 1971;the fight against SARS in 2003 marked the beginning of China's all-round international health cooperation;a more organized health diplomacy has been implemented by China after it helped Africa in fighting against Ebola in 2014;China's response to COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 brought it further into a new stage of participating in global health governance.Compared with the efforts of European countries and America,China's global health diplomacy started in a late date,but has demonstrated distinctive features.