西安新石器时代聚落遗址文化重心迁移与环境考古研究

Research on the cultural gravity migration and environmental archaeology of Xi′an Neolithic settlement sites

为研究西安新石器时代聚落遗址空间分布与自然环境的关系,利用GIS中的核密度、方向椭圆、欧式距离等方法,讨论史前遗址分布与高程、坡度、坡向、离水距离四种环境因子的关系,进而对各因子赋权分级建立模型,推测人地关系演变过程。结果表明:1)仰韶-庙底沟-龙山三个时期遗址的空间演变规律是:遗址文化重心向"东北,东南"迁移,聚落整体呈"东北-西南"走向。2)环境因子与遗址分布的关系:遗址集中在海拔360-540m,坡度小于6°,坡向朝南或偏南,距离水源3km以内的区域。3)人地关系的演变:仰韶、庙底沟遗址在"1-4"等级属优势自然环境的占比远超龙山,该阶段人依赖自然环境生存;"7-10"等级则恰好相反,表明史前人类改造自然的能力在提升,在环境恶劣的区域也可以生存。三个时期"1"等级的占比在龙山时期增加,表明该时期可能已经存在等级分化,优势资源掌握在拥有一定权力的上层阶级手中。

In order to study the spatial distribution of the settlement sites and the relationship with the environment in Xi′an Neolithic age, the tools of Kernel density, Direction distribution, and Euclidean distance in GIS were used to discuss the connection between settlement sites distribution and four environmental factors including elevation, slope, aspect, distance from water, and explain the reasons for the distribution of sites. On the basis of building model, the evolution of man-earth relationship was inferred. The results show that: 1) The spatial evolution law of Yangshao-Miaodigou-Longshan sites is as follows: the centers of site culture gravity moved to the northeast and southeast, and the overall expansion was along the northeast to southwest.2) As to the relationship between environmental factors and sites distribution, the influence of elevation on settlement site selection was reflected in the hydrothermal conditions. The areas were flat or with small slope, it could avoide landslide, debris flow and other natural disasters, and provide security for the expansion of settlements. Aspect affected light and heat. The distance from water affected production and life. The sites were concentrated in the areas with an elevation of 360-540 m, a slope less than 6, aspect towards the south, and a distance of 3 km from the water source. 3) As to the evolution of human-land relationship: Yangshao and Miaodigou sites accounted for "1" much higher proportion in "1-4" than Longshan sites, in which periods people depended on the natural environment to survive. The "7-10" rating, on the other hand, suggests that prehistoric humans were improving their ability to transform nature and survive in hostile environments. The proportion of "1" level in the three periods increased in the Longshan Period, indicating that there might have been hierarchy differentiation in that period, and the dominant resources were in the hands of the nobles with certain power.