Thinning effects on biomass and element concentrations of roots in adjacent hornbeam and oak stands in Istanbul,Turkey

Background:Thinning is a commonly used treatment in forest management which affects the tree root systems.The effects of thinning on element concentrations and seasonal change of roots were evaluated in adjacent oak(Quercus frainetto Ten.)and hornbeam(Carpinus betulus L.)stands according to the different root diameter classes.Method:Two replicated control and thinning plots(50m×50 m)were set for each species(hornbeam and oak).Thinning treatments(November 2010)reduced 50%of the basal area in both oak and hornbeam stands.Roots were assessed by seasonal collection over 2 years(from October 2010 to October 2012).The roots were then sorted into diameter classes of 0–2mm(fine roots),2–5mm(small roots)and>5mm(coarse roots).C,N,P,K,Ca,Na,Mg,S,Mn,Fe,Al,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cu and Cd were analyzed.Results:Except coarse roots,the highest root biomasses were determined in April-2011 in all plots.Fine-root biomass in oak was found significantly higher in control plots.In contrast to the oak,the fine-root biomass in the thinned hornbeam plots was higher than in the controls.The small-root biomass did not significantly differ between the thinned and the control plots in both oak and hornbeam stands.However,the coarse-root biomass showed significant differences between the control(1989 g∙m^(−2))and thinned plots(1060 g∙m^(−2))in oak,while no difference was detected in hornbeam.The concentrations of C,Al,Pb,Cd,Ni,Zn,Mn,Na,K,Mg and P in the fine roots of oak were significantly higher in the thinned plots.However,the concentration of Pb,Cd and Fe in the fine roots was significantly higher in the thinned plots of hornbeam.Significant differences were observed between the species for all elements in the fine roots except for C,N and P.In particular,elements in the fine roots tended to increase in July in the oak.In the hornbeam,all element concentrations in the fine roots(except C,N,and S)in the thinned plots showed a tendency to increase in April.The concentrations of Pb,Ni,Al,Fe,Cu,Ca,Na,K,Mg and P in the hornbeam control plots increased during the April 2011 period.Conclusion:The results indicated that thinning effects on temporal changes and concentrations of elements in the roots could be attributed to species-specific characteristics.