数据要素市场化背景下数据产权界定研究

Research on Data Property Right Definition under the Background of Data Factor Marketization

数据产权确认是培育数据要素市场,促进数据产业创新发展的起点,也是数据安全维护制度的基础。我国现有法律法规主要从数据收集、利用的行为层面对企业进行规制,并未涉及数据产权这一基本问题的确认,同时,由于数据产权客体的特殊性,加之数据产业链涉及多种主体的利益诉求,无法将数据产权界定嵌入传统物权、知识产权框架之内。实践中采取的用户“知情同意”模式实为用户所有权前提下的单边权利框架,不仅不利于数据产业发展,对用户而言也没有实际作用。因此,通过对域外制度的总结,结合我国数据要素市场化需求,应当根据衡量主体价值贡献与利益关切、平衡隐私保护与数据产业发展激励、以合理预期为限规范数据使用三个原则,制定数据产权规则框架,在明确各方权利内容的基础上,维护数据安全。

Data property right confirmation is the starting point for cultivating the data element market and promoting the innovative development of data industry,as well as the foundation of data security maintenance system.The existing laws and regulations in China mainly regulate enterprises from the behavioral level of data collection and utilization,without involving the confirmation of the basic issue of data property rights.The object of data property right is special,and the data industry chain involves various interests of the main body,it is impossible to embed the definition of data property rights in the framework of traditional property rights and intellectual property rights.In practice,the mode of“informed consent”adopted by users is actually a unilateral right framework under the premise of user ownership,which is not conducive to the development of the data industry and has no practical effect on users.Therefore,based on the summary of extraterritorial system and the marketization command of data in China,data should be formulated based on the three principles of measuring the subject’s value contribution and interest concerns,balancing privacy protection and data industry development incentives,and regulating the use of data within reasonable expectations.The framework of property rights rules should be formulated to maintain data security on the basis of clarifying the content of the rights of all parties.