马克思的资本权力思想与生命政治批判

Marx's Capital Power Thought and the Critique of Biopolitics

“生命政治”是当代西方激进左翼的重要理论,马克思并没有提出“生命政治”概念,但在《资本论》中,其资本权力思想包含着深厚的生命政治思想。在马克思看来,资本是一种经济社会权力,它必须施诸劳动者的生命才能彰显自身的意志和力量,才能实现价值增殖和资本积累的目标,资本权力自我形成、自我实现的过程就是生命政治实践的过程。从货币向资本转化来看,劳动者被迫与生产资料分离的结果,就是劳动者脱离原有共同体的社会关系,成为任由资本权力宰割的“赤裸生命”。从资本生产和资本积累来看,工厂中的劳动者、工厂外的“产业后备军”都是资本权力操控的对象,对身体的“驯化—惩戒”机制和对人口的“吸纳—排斥”机制共同构成了资本的生命权力机制。在此基础上,资本权力进一步渗透到资产阶级社会的真理机制之中,创造了一整套有关生命的知识体系,形成了资本的生命政治学。

Biopolitics is an important theory of the contemporary western radical left wing.Marx did not put forward the concept of biopolitics,but in Das Kapital,his theory of capital power contains profound thoughts on biopolitics.In Marx's view,capital is a kind of economic and social power,which must be applied to the life of laborers to manifest its will and power,and to realize the goal of value multiplication and capital accumulation.The process of self-formation and self-realization of capital power is the process of life political practice.From the perspective of the transformation from money to capital,the fact that laborers are being forced to separate from the means of production,results in that laborers break away from the social relations of the original community and become the bare life being exploited by capital power.From the perspective of capital production and capital accumulation,the laborers in factories and the industrial reserve army outside factories are the objects of capital power control.The domestication-punishment mechanism of the body and the absorption-exclusion mechanism of the population jointly constitute the bio-power mechanism of capital.On this basis,capital power further penetrates into the truth mechanism of bourgeois society,creates a whole set of knowledge system about life,and forms the biopolitics of capital.