牛乳来源外泌体的生物学功能研究进展

Research Progress on Biological Functions of Exosomes Derived from Bovine Milk

外泌体是由细胞分泌到细胞外的一种胞外囊泡,装载了许多有着特定功能的活性物质,包括核酸、脂质和蛋白质等。绝大多数的活细胞都能够分泌外泌体并且将其所携带的内容物传递至靶细胞发挥特定的作用。而牛乳所分泌的外泌体已被证实对人体先天免疫、肠道发育等方面具有积极功效。同时,牛乳来源的外泌体也被证实会对罹患肥胖、Ⅱ型糖尿病等慢性疾病的发展带来潜在的风险。本文对牛乳外泌体的组成、形成途径以及外泌体对人体有益的功能特性和潜在的一些风险进行综述,期望为国内牛乳来源外泌体的研究提供参考。

Exosomes,as a kind of extracellular vesicles,are secreted by cells into the extracellular.It is loaded by many active substances with specific functions,including nucleic acids,lipids,proteins,etc.The vast majority of living cells can secrete exosomes and transfer the components to the target cells to play a specific role.The exosomes secreted by cow’s milk have been proved to have good effects on human innate immunity and intestinal development.At the same time,exosomes derived from cow’s milk have also been proved to bring potential risks to the development of chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.This article reviews the composition and formation of exosomes,as well as the beneficial functional characteristics and some potential risks of milk exosomes to human body.It is expected to provide reference for research on milk exosomes.