对我国刑事庭审人证调查制度的思考——基于交叉询问与职权询问的比较研究

Reflection on the System of Witness Survey in Criminal Trial in China——A Comparative Study Based on Cross-examination and Authority Inquiry

“以审判为中心”的诉讼制度改革对庭审实质化进程提出了更高的要求,人证调查是实现庭审实质化的重要环节。目前我国的人证调查制度属于典型的职权询问制度,但在当事人主义潮流的影响下也趋向于对抗制模式下交叉询问的复合式发展,引进交叉询问制度甚至成为学界的通说。我国奉行传统的审问制,在庭审中法官为主导,控制着庭审的运行,与当事人主义理念形成鲜明的对比,且我国并未设置传闻证据规则、庭前证据开示规则,也并未区分控方证人和辩方证人,从而无法确立主询问和反询问的顺序,与交叉询问的学理相悖。直接引进交叉询问规则可能会产生排斥情形,我国应结合实际情况,在现有的制度基础上加以完善,强化控辩平衡及诉讼对抗,改善诉讼构造和证人出庭作证制度。

The reform of the trial-centered lawsuit system puts forward higher requirements for the progress of the substantive trial,and witness survey becomes an important part of realizing the substantive trial.The current witness survey system in China belongs to the typical system of authority inquiry,but under the influence of the adversary system,it also tends to develop towards a compound type of cross-examination under the confrontation model.The introduction of cross-examination system has even become the general theory of the academic circle.With the dominance of the judge controlling the trial operation,China has been pursuing the traditional interrogation system,which is in sharp contrast with the idea of adversary system.And China has not made the hearsay evidence rules and pre-trial evidence discovery rules,and also did not distinguish between prosecution witness and defense witnesses,so the order of the main inquiry and counter inquiry cannot be established,which is contrary to the theory of cross-examination.The direct introduction of cross-examination rules may lead to an exclusion from the actual situation in China.Therefore,based on the actual situation,China should improve the existing system,strengthen the balance between prosecution and defense,and perfect the adversary system,lawsuit structure,and the system of witnesses testifying in court.