集体财产的宪法意蕴与民法典时代的规则表达

The Constitutional Implication of Collective Property and Expression of Rules in the Era of Civil Code

宪法具有最高的稳定性和修改的严肃性,宪法规则不可能同步于现实中社会改革和公民权利的发展实际。在这种情况下,私法领域的法律实践和法学研究就要对于宪法规范保持适当的时空感,而不是动辄以私权利违宪这样的政治性话语来指导我们的改革实践。同时,民法规则的设立也不应该对宪法规则的公法规则进行过度的解读。围绕着农村集体土地问题,私法权利、公法规制和宪法价值辐射(公共性)这三重维度在不同的时代背景下,则有着不同的侧重,从而对于集体所有权的内涵和外延均产生相当重要的影响。农村集体经济组织与一般的法人存在着显著的差异性,这些差异性的存在需要突破民商法上业已形成的诸多观念和理论。宪法上的集体所有具体化为农村集体经济组织的法人所有,而农民对于集体土地等集体财产的权利通过成员权来实现,恐怕是民法典时代我们能够找到最符合我国农村发展的方向和农民利益的改革道路。

The Constitution is of the highest stability and subject to serious amendment,and the constitutional rules can not synchronize with the reality of social reform and the development of civil rights.In this case,the legal practice and research in the field of private law should keep a proper sense of time and space for constitutional norms instead of guiding our reform practice with the political discourse that private rights are against the Constitution.Meanwhile,the establishment of civil law principles should not over-interpret the public law principles of the constitutional principles.Around the issue of rural collective land,the three dimensions of private law rights,public law principles and constitutional value radiation(publicity)have different emphases under different historical backgrounds,and thus have very important impact on the connotation and extension of collective ownership.There are significant differences between rural collective economic organizations and general legal persons.The existence of these differences needs to break through many concepts and theories that have been formed in civil and commercial law.The collective ownership in the Constitution is embodied into the legal person ownership of the rural collective economic organizations,while the rights of farmers to collective land and other collective property are realized through the right of membership,which is probably the reform path we can find that most fits the direction of China’s rural development and the interests of farmers in the era of Civil Code.