康德对传统理性神学的系统性批判

Kant’s Systematic Critique of the Traditional Rational Theology

在《纯粹理性批判》中,康德对滥用理性权能的各种形而上学独断论进行了全面清算,其中尤以对理性神学的批判至为深刻.康德把传统理性神学关于上帝存在的各种论证区分为本体论证明、宇宙论证明和自然神学证明三种,并且通过深入细致的分析,从逻辑上将后两者都归结为本体论证明.因此,康德重点对本体论证明进行了深刻批判,指出该证明的要害就在于将纯粹理性的先验理想偷换为客观实在的对象.正是因为从根本上对传统理性神学进行了颠覆,康德才踏上了建构道德神学之路.

In Critique of Pure Reason,Kant systematically criticizes all kinds of dogmatist metaphysics which abused the authority of reason and his profound criticism of rational theology is the most impressive one.All arguments for the existence of God in rational theology are divided by Kant into three types,namely the ontological argument,the cosmological argument and the teleological argument.Through detailed and careful analysis,Kant deduces the validity of the latter two arguments into the ontological one.The mistake in the ontological argument,according to Kant,is a disguised replacement of the concept of the transcendental ideal of pure speculative reason into an object in reality.It is the radical subversion of the traditional rational theology that paves the way of moral theology for Kant.