老庄孟荀人性观体现的儒道互补精神

The Sprirt of Mutual Complementation between Confucianism and Taoism Reflected in Lao Tzu's,Chuang Tzu's,Mencius's and Hsun Tzu's Doctrine of Human Nature

既往研究多从“百家同源”、社会政治理想和精神追求等方面分析儒道互补的原因与表现,本文则以儒道两家人性观为考察对象,从中探讨追溯其根因。研究儒道两家学说创立之初的代表性人物及其著作,可以见出其中明确的儒道互补精神。究其根因,乃在于两家学说对人性不同层面的认识及在此基础上的人生态度与政治主张各有偏失,道家认为人性是“道生万物”时赋予人的属(道)性,无论是人还是人类社会都应保有此性而不加以改造,由此人可以“自得”“自化”“如婴儿之未孩”;儒家在承认人生而具有的生物属性的同时,强调对人的生物属性必须加以修正、教化,以规范人的生物性,达到“人文化成”的功效。所以只有儒道两家人性合在一起才是完整的人性,才能维持人类社会的生存。发展到后来,“儒道互补”成为中国传统文化的内在基质和外在表征,也是中国人的精神理念和生存样态。

Most previous researches analyzed the reason and expression of mutual complementation between Confucianism and Taoism mainly on the aspects of"the same beginnings of hundred schools of thought",sociopolitical ideal and spiritual pursuit.This essay explores the rationale of the mutual complementation based on the doctrine of human nature of Confucianism and Taoism.The spirit of mutual complementation between Confucianism and Taoism can be seen obviously from the representative personages and their works of Confucianism and Taoism.The mutual complementation is caused by different cognition of human nature,insufficient opinions of life attitudes and political propositions.Taoism deems that human nature is given by Tao during"Tao Bears the World".Whether human or human society should keep the human nature without any transformation.Thereon,people can be carefree and exist like an infant which has not smiled through self-cultivation.On the other hand,Confucianism recognizes human are born with biological attribute.At the same time,it emphasizes this biological attribute must be corrected,moralized and standardized.In this way human could become gentlemen whose ornament and natural substance are duly blended.And finally the development of the nature of human being could achieve.Therefore,the theory of human nature is comprehensive only by integrating Confucianism's and Taoism's relevant views,and human society can be existent accordingly.Gradually,mutual complementation between Confucianism and Taoism becomes intrinsic nature and outward manifestation of Chinese traditional culture.It is also spiritual concept and survival status of Chinese people.