黄河晋陕沿岸风土聚落“村寨分离”特征及地域分布研究——以龙门至潼关段为例

The Characteristic of‘Village with Detached Fortress’and the Distribution of Vernacular Settlements Along the Yellow River in Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces,Taking Longmen–Tongguan Section as an Example

黄河晋陕沿岸中原官话区汾河片的风土聚落,与相邻的晋中及晋东南地区相比,呈现自然的有机形态,并存在“村寨分离”特征。文章通过田野调查与口述史研究,从“村-寨”关系及边界限定方式出发,根据村落本体是否设防,总结“村-寨”和“堡-寨”两种模式,并在组合数量上有一村一寨、一村多寨和多村一寨等不同类型;进而借助族谱等民间文献的历史信息,还原聚落从建村到筑墙、再到陆续建寨的历程;最后总结“村-寨”组合的地域分布规律,即“村寨分离”布局集中在黄河沿岸,越往东“村寨合一”布局更为多见,聚落形态特征整体呈现从关中地区向晋语方言区过渡的趋势。

Compared with those in central and southeast Shanxi,vernacular settlements along the Yellow River in Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in the Fenhe River subarea of the Central Plain dialect area present a natural organic form,and have their fortresses beyond the village spheres.Based on field investigation and oral history research,this article starts from the relationship between villages and fortresses as well as the ways in defining boundaries,summarising two modes namely‘village with fortress’and‘fortress with subsidiary fortress’based on whether or not the villages are fortified.According to the number of fortresses,there are different types,such as one fortress with one village,several fortresses with one village,and several villages share one fortress.Moreover,based on the information from lineage genealogies and local historical documents,this article retrieves the process of the construction of a local settlement from the establishment of the village,to the building of walls,till the forming of a fortress.Finally,this article summarises that the fortress–village units are mainly concentrated along the Yellow River,the more east it goes,the unification of fortress and village is more common,showing a trend of transition from central Shaanxi Plain to Shanxi.