格式化与个性化——明初制度整顿背景下的太原崇善寺大悲殿建筑

Formatting and Personalisation:The Architecture of the Great Compassion Hall of Chongshan Temple in the Context of Institution Reorganisation in Early Ming Dynasty

文章以明代洪武朝对官式建筑制度的整理为出发点,通过分析明初遗构太原崇善寺大悲殿的建筑特征,探讨了明初官式制度如何在地方得以落实。研究发现,崇善寺大悲殿作为洪武朝建造于地方的官式建筑作品,明显受到洪武制度“格式化”的约束,但官式制度主要反映在平面形制、间架组织这类系统性要素上,而在具体的细部样式中,仍然保留有地方的或是上一时代官式传统的构造和装饰做法。另一方面,大悲殿作为罕见的供奉三尊立像的单层大殿,体现了颇具“个性化”的宗教空间特征。可以说,在崇善寺大悲殿的建筑上,集中体现了宋元样式与明代样式、地方传统与官式制度、制度化约束与个性化设计之间多个维度的张力。

The article starts from the reorganisation of the official-style building system during the Hongwu era(1368–1398)of the Ming Dynasty.By analysing the architectural features of the Great Compassion Hall of Chongshan Temple in Taiyuan,which is a relic of the early Ming Dynasty,the article explores how the official-style system was locally implemented in the early Ming Dynasty.It finds that the Great Compassion Hall was formatted by the Hongwu system.Nevertheless,the official-style system is mainly reflected in systemic elements such as the plan style and framing,while in details,constructions and decorations of local practices or the traditional official style of the previous era are still retained.The Great Compassion Hall,as a rare single-storey hall dedicated to three standing bodhisattva statues,embodies the feature of a very‘personalised’religious space.The architecture of the Great Compassion Hall of Chongshan Temple embodies the tension of multiple dimensions between Song and Yuan styles and Ming styles,local traditions and official-style systems,institutional restrictions and a personalised design.