人工智能司法决策的合法性辨疑

On the Legitimacy of Artificial Intelligence Judicial Decision-Making

合法性问题是人工智能参与司法决策的关键。对此,学界通常从道德主体性、权力合法性、司法错误归责以及程序正义等方面进行质疑,进而反对人工智能在司法决策中的运用。但司法人工智能本质上是一个功能实现问题,其遵循的是有限理性框架下的实践哲学,这为判断司法人工智能的合法性提供了认识论基础。以此为根据来逐一考察上述合法性质疑,可以发现:人工智能司法决策只会强化而非削弱人类法官的主体地位,且不会改变司法权力的公共属性与独立运行;就避免司法错误而言,人工智能可能比人类法官做得更好,因此亦不应苛求人工智能司法决策的绝对正确;至于司法错误归责问题,则可以通过法官、法院以及国家之间的合理分配而有效解决;最后,透明的算法决策可以保障而非损害程序正义。澄清这些问题对于进一步的制度构建,以及充分发挥司法人工智能的作用具有重要意义。

Legitimacy is the key to the participation of artificial intelligence in judicial decision-making.In this regard,scholars usually question it from the aspects of moral subjectivity,power legitimacy,judicial error imputation and procedural justice,and then oppose the application of artificial intelligence in judicial decision-making.However,judicial artificial intelligence is essentially a function realization problem,which follows the practical philosophy under the framework of bounded rationality,which provides an epistemological basis for judging the legitimacy of judicial artificial intelligence.Based on this,we can find that artificial intelligence judicial decision-making will only strengthen,not weaken,the dominant position of human judges,and will not change the public attribute and independent operation of judicial power;In terms of avoiding judicial mistakes,artificial intelligence may do better than human judges,so it should not be demanding the absolute correctness of artificial intelligence judicial decisions;As for the imputation of judicial errors,it can be effectively solved through the rational distribution among judges,courts and countries;Finally,transparent algorithm decision-making can guarantee rather than damage procedural justice.Clarifying these problems is of great significance for further system construction and giving full play to judicial artificial intelligence.