在政治舞台上哀伤的艺术:小议陆机《愍怀太子诔》

The Art of Lamenting on the Political Stage:“Dirge for Heir Apparent Minhuai”

陆机在其文学理论著作《文赋》中就诔文这种哀祭文的特色提出了“诔缠绵而凄怆”的文学主张。《文选》五臣注济曰:“诔叙哀情,故缠绵意密而凄怆悲心也。”现代学者对这一主张也作出了进一步的诠释,认为这反映了诔的功能在西晋已从官样文章的“述德”向表达个人情感、“寄托哀情”的方向转化,陆机于此提倡用诔文抒发真情实感。《愍怀太子诔》是陆机诔文中篇幅最长,而且最为后人所称道的一篇作品。本文试图通过集中分析这篇名作来探讨以上观点,讨论陆机对诔文创作特点的发展,他的文学主张与文学创作之间的紧密联系,并说明他如何成功地在西晋王朝形势严峻的政治舞台上,用其文学才能充分展示表达哀伤的艺术。

As an important writer of lei(dirge),one of the threnodic genres,Lu Ji(A.D.261—302)in his well-known work on literary theory Wen fu(Rhapsody on Literature)claimed that the genre characteristics of dirge should be sentimental and heartrending.Modern scholars suggested that this claim reflected an important literary shift in which the function of dirge was changing from describing virtue to expressing personal sorrow and genuine emotion during the Wei Jin periods.Among the dirges composed by Lu Ji,“Dirge for Heir Minhuai”is the longest one,highly praised by later scholars.In the paper,I focus on this literary work to explore his contribution to the development of dirge as well as to discuss the connection between Lu Ji’s literary claim and his composition of dirge.I also attempt to analyze what literary techniques Lu Ji has developed to enhance the expression of sorrowful emotions,what influence the dirges of Cao Zhi had on his composition,and how he integrated historical context into each touching scene described in the dirge.In sum,I consider dirge a vehicle for Lu Ji to delicately express sincere lament on a specific political stage.