党指挥枪:武装革命初期中共红军枪支分配问题研究

The Party Commands the Gun:A Study on the Problem of Guns Distribution in the Red Army of the CPC in the Early Period of the Armed Revolution

民族—国家建设要求实现对暴力资源的垄断。与之相应,中国共产党提出了"党指挥枪"的根本原则。但是,在武装革命初期,中共红军中普遍出现了党无法完全自主地分配枪支的困境,表明党的领导能力仅停留在战略战斗命令的宏观层面,而没有深入到日常物资支配的微观细节。枪支分配问题,根源于游击战争中缺少稳定补给的红军,为谋求生存与发展而保存枪支的理性动机,并因为军队形成历史和领袖情况的不同而出现具体差异。通过思想批判、制度发展和战略演进的方式,中共成功克服了枪支分配问题,建立起一支高度组织化和纪律化的革命军队。研究表明,"党指挥枪"这一特定表达的形成并非偶然,而是由具体的历史经验沉淀而成;党对军队的绝对领导不仅要关注军人,也要关注军队物资及其分配问题;思想、制度和战略建设,是加强党对军队绝对领导的基本路径。

The construction of nation-state requires the monopoly of violence resources.Accordingly,the CPC had put forward"the party commands the gun"as a fundamental principle.However,in the early period of the armed revolution,the Red Army of the CPC generally experienced the dilemma that the party could not distribute guns completely autonomously on its own,indicating that the party’s leadership was only at the macro level of the strategic battle order,without involving the micro details of daily allocation of materials.The problem of guns distribution was rooted in the rational motivation of the Red Army which lacked stable supplies in guerrilla warfare,to preserve guns for survival and development,and there were specific differences due to the different formation history and the different leaders of the army.Through ideological criticism,institutional development,and revolutionary strategy updating,the CPC successfully overcame the problem of guns distribution,and established a highly organized and disciplined revolutionary army.This research shows that the formation of the specific expression of"the party commands the gun"was not accidental but was precipitated by specific historical experience;The party’s absolute leadership over the army should not only pay attention to soldiers,but also pay attention to military materials and their distribution;Ideological,institutional and strategic construction is the basic way to strengthen the party’s absolute leadership over the army.