从革命到改革:政治话语流变中的 “乡贤之治”及其行动伦理--基于“有效性-合法性”分析框架的阐释

From Revolution to Reform:“The Governance of Rural Elite”and Its Action Ethics in the Change of Political Discourse--Interpretation Based on“Validity-Legitimacy”Analysis Framework

1929年,梁漱溟作了一个关于“铁钩”与“豆腐”的比喻,形象而生动地描述了当时国民政府强力嵌入乡村而陷入治理“内卷化”的困境,为我们探究“一统体制之下乡村社会何以有效治理”问题,提供了诸多思考和想象的空间。基于此,本文在“有效性-合法性”的分析框架下,建构了“乡贤(绅)之治”的四种理想型分类图式,即乡贤之治的善治化(高合法性-高有效性)、乡贤之治的形式化(高合法性-低有效性)、乡贤之治的失序化(低合法性-低有效性)、乡贤之治的灰黑化(低合法性-高有效性)。据此分类图式,在政治话语从“革命”向“改革”的历史流变中,深入考察“乡贤之治”的行动伦理及其演化,可以获得一种关于乡村治理的规律性认识:乡村社会有效治理的关键,并不在于是否存在名义上的“乡贤”,而在于国家权力与乡村社会之间是否形成有效的利益沟通和平衡机制。这也意味着,在乡村振兴战略的实施过程中,要注重再造国家与乡村社会之间的“中间层”,特别是要注重乡缘力量的现代转化,积极培育“新乡贤”等社会力量,从而发挥其独特而重要的资源链接和沟通协调作用。

In 1929,Liang Shuming made an analogy of“iron hook”and“tofu”,which vividly described the dilemma that the National Government at that time forcefully embedded itself in the countryside and fell into the involution of governance.It provided us with a lot of space for thinking and imagination to explore the problem of“how the rural society can be effectively governed under a unified system”.Based on this,this paper constructs four ideal classification schemes of“the governance of rural elite(gentry)”under the analytical framework of“validity and legality”.That is,the good governance(high legality-high validity),the formalization(high legality-low validity),the disorder(low legality-low validity),and the gray blackness(low legality-high validity)of the governance of rural elite(gentry).According to this classification scheme,in the historical change of political discourse from“revolution”to“reform”,an in-depth study of the action ethics and evolution of“the governance of rural elite”can obtain a sense of the regularity of rural governance:the key to effective governance of rural society does not lie in the existence of nominal“rural elites”,but in the formation of an effective interest communication and balance mechanism between state power and rural society.This also means that in the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy,attention should be paid to reconstructing the“middle layer”between the state and the rural society,especially to the modern transformation of the rural strength,and actively cultivate the social forces such as“new rural elite”,so as to give play to their unique and important role of resource link,communication and coordination.