免责条款对第三人的限制效力——以货运合同为中心

The Restriction Effect of Exemption Clauses on Third Party—Focusing on Cargo Transportation Contract

合同的免责条款在一定条件下具有对第三人的效力,包括保护效力和限制效力两个方面。在我国司法实践中,关于快递合同等货物运输合同中的免责条款,已陆续出现基于“委托关系”等法律构成承认免责条款具有对第三人(货物所有权人)的限制效力的判决。在德国法和日本法上,一直有允许承运人向第三人援用货运合同的免责条款的学说和判例,并且都已经立法化。运输业对于风险可控性的诉求具有合理性,现有的“委托关系”等构成难以全面妥善地解决问题。将免责条款理解为托运人和承运人对物的价值的处分,在“善意取得”的框架下展开解释论,可以兼顾运输业和货物所有权人的利益。

The exemption clauses of a contract have an effect on third party under certain conditions,including protection effect and restriction effect.In the judicial practice of our country,with regard to the exemption clauses in courier contracts and other cargo transportation contracts,judgments which recognize exemption clauses having restrictive effect on the third party(the owner of the goods)based on the legal constitution such as the“entrusted relationship”appeared.In both German law and Japanese law,there have always been doctrines and precedents that allow carrier to invoke the exemption clause of the freight contract to a third party,and they have all been legislated.The transportation industry's demands for risk control are reasonable,and the existing“entrusted relationship”and other components are difficult to fully target and properly solve the problem.Understanding the exemption clause as the disposition of the value of the goods by the shipper and the carrier,and expanding the interpretation theory under the framework of“good faith acquisition”would take into account the interests of the transportation industry and the owner of the goods.