出租车出行的空间不平等及其与人口结构的关联

Analysis of Spatial Inequality in Taxi Ride and Its Relationship with Population Structure

出租车出行是表征空间不平等的重要指标,分析其特征对于城市规划、交通管理、智慧城市建设等具有重要意义。利用中国上海市出租车出行的车流数据与人口普查数据,对研究区域进行空间多尺度划分,运用Hadoop大数据处理、社会网络分析、地理加权回归等方法,探究中国上海市出租车出行的空间不平等状况及其与人口结构的关联性。结果表明:上海市存在出租车出行的空间不平等现象,在中心城区以及城市副中心区域,出租车出行便利性高于其他地区且平均出行距离小于其他地区;不同类型人口在出行能力上有差异,出行弱势人群(儿童、老人、外来人口、农业人口等)比例高的区域具有更低的出行便利性与更长的出行距离,这一相关性随空间位置与空间尺度的变化而发生变化。

Objectives: Spatial inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources in space due to social and economic development. It can be manifested in various aspects such as the living environment and social services. At present, most of the research on spatial inequality is based on the qualitative description of static data. The data comes from traditional methods such as questionnaire surveys. This type of data has the disadvantages of high collection cost, long cycle, and slow update. In comparison, traffic data has become an important measure of spatial inequality on account of its accuracy and objectivity.Methods: Based on the census and traffic data of taxis in Shanghai,we conduct a spatial multi-scale division of the Shanghai area, utilizes Hadoop to remove dirty data and extracts origin destination points. After using social network analysis, we obtains travel convenience and travel distance based on floating car data in each area at various scales, which are used as indicators to represent spatial inequality. Spatial regression analysis helps to explore the relevance of spatial inequality according to demographic information.Results:There exists spatial inequality of taxi ride in Shanghai based on the following two reasons:(1) In terms of travel convenience,the areas with the highest centrality are concentrated in the main urban area and outer sub-central area;(2) As for travel distance,the average travel distance in the central urban area is relatively small, while in the outer area farther from the central city, the average travel distance is larger.The above-mentioned spatial inequality variables are related to the population structure. In terms of the relevance of travel convenience and population structure, areas with lower proportions of children, teenagers, youth, agricultural,non-local populations,and higher middle-aged, non-agricultural populations have higher travel convenience. In terms of the correlation between travel distance and population structure, areas with lower proportion of young, old, agricultural populations, and higher proportion of young and middle-aged populations have longer travel distances.Conclusions: Regions with a higher proportion of vulnerable groups(children,elderly,migrants,agricultural population,etc.) have lower travel convenience and longer travel distances, this correlation changes with changes in spatial location and spatial scale.