论终结于风险社会的普遍主义

On Universalism Ending in the Risk Society

如果对工业社会这个历史阶段中所建立起来的全部意识形态进行定义的话,我们倾向于将普遍主义作为其本质。普遍主义作为一种观念、信仰、思维方式和社会建构以及行动原则,存在于工业社会的几乎全部哲学和社会科学的叙事之中,形成了一个所有思想无出其外的语境,在语言形态上则集中表现在对“普遍性”和“同一性”等概念的使用上。虽然辩证法认识到了普遍主义的缺陷,但也没有能够对普遍主义构成实质性的挑战。普遍主义的观念、思维方式和信仰也物化为制度安排、行为模式的形塑上,构造出了一个可以被称为普遍主义的世界。不过,我们必须认识到普遍主义的历史性,它仅仅与工业社会这个历史阶段相联系。这种历史性在某种意义上也可以说是一种具体性,将随着工业社会的终结而终结。风险社会及其高度复杂性和高度不确定性意味着一个突出具体性历史阶段的到来,在这个历史阶段中,无论普遍主义以什么样的形式出现,对于人的生存和生活来说,都是有害的。

If we define all ideology established in this historical stage of industrial society,we tend to regard universalism as its essence.Universalism,as a concept,belief,mode of thinking,social construction and principle of action,exists in almost all the philosophical and Social Sciences narratives of industrial society,forming a context in which all ideas have no other characteristics.In language form,universalism is mainly manifested in the use of concepts such as"universality"and"identity".Although dialectics has realized the defects of universalism,it has not been able to pose a substantial challenge to universalism.The concept,thinking mode and belief of universalism are also materialized into the form of institutional arrangement and behavior mode,and a world can be called universalism is constructed.However,we must recognize the historicity of universalism,which is only related to this historical stage of industrial society.This historicity in a sense can also be said to be a concrete,will end with the end of industrial society.The risk society and its high complexity and high uncertainty mean the arrival of a historical stage with outstanding concrete.In this historical stage,no matter what form universalism appears,it is harmful to the survival and life of human beings.