从清河到禄村:燕京社会学社区研究传统再考察

From Chingho to Lucun:A Re-examination on the Tradition of Yenching Sociological Community Studies

本文将“社区研究”置于燕京社会学的学术生态体系中进行考察,辨析1935年前后燕京社会学人杨开道、吴文藻等人对“社区”概念的总体性意涵理解之差异,由此揭示出:燕京社会学对如何理解中国社会有其内在发展理路,体现在由20世纪初美国农村社会学中的基督教社会进化论下的社区分类学,向基于功能派人类学的比较社会学的转型。在这一过程中,社会实体论被扬弃,走向了祛历史化的、基于地方性的社区比较研究。这一方法论基调尚未在费孝通主持的云南三村研究中得到自觉的反思,却在几乎同一时期的赵承信的平郊村调查中被检讨,赵氏通过实验性地引入芝加哥学派的私人生活史研究法,将历史视角重新带回燕京社会学的社区研究视野中。

This paper studies“community studies”in the academic ecological system of Yenching sociology,and analyzes the differences in the overall understanding of the concept of“community”between Yenching sociologists Cato Young and Wu Wenzao in around 1935.It reveals that Yenching sociology theory has its own internal development on how to understand Chinese society,which is reflected in the foundation of American Rural Sociology in the early 20th century The community taxonomy under the historical view of the evolution of the Christian society is transformed into comparative sociology based on the functionalism anthropology.In this process,the theory of social entity has been sublated,and it has moved towards the elimination of historical and local community comparative research.This methodological tendency has not been consciously reflected in Fei Xiaotong s research on three villages in Yunnan,but has been reviewed in Zhao Chengxin s Pingjiao village survey almost at the same time.Zhao's experimental introduction of the Chicago school s life history research method brings the historical perspective back to the community research field of Yenching sociology.