从“审美自律”到“文化启蒙”:存在主义与中国现代文论建构的知识谱系

From“Aesthetic Self-discipline”to“Cultural Enlightenment”:Existentialism and the Knowledge Genealogy of the Construction of Chinese Modern Literary Theory

存在主义文论不仅是一种理论建构和知识资源,更是成为关注人性的启蒙话语,并敏锐地发掘主体在现代社会中生存的种种"异化"场景。存在主义文论契合了中国20世纪的理论"焦虑",并作为重要的知识学资源被译介和引入中国。尼采的"酒神精神"和"强力意志"都极大地肯定了主体个体的存在价值和文学艺术的独立精神,这给中国"五四"时期的新文化运动以及20世纪80年代的新启蒙运动提供了强大的理论资源。海德格尔理论则通过理论思辨、艺术自律、美学独立等方式与中国现代文论产生"融通"与"共鸣",推进了中国文论的现代性进程。与此同时,萨特存在主义"人学论""自由观""介入论"等思想与中国新启蒙的时代诉求进行联系,成为推进现代人道主义思潮的知识学资源。存在主义文论深刻影响了中国20世纪文化现代性的进程,并作为一种有效的知识学资源渗透到当代文学、文论、美学和文化研究中,促进了知识本体论和方法论层面的调整。

The existentialist literary theory is not only a theoretical construction and knowledge resource but an enlightening discourse concerning human nature. It keenly probes into a variety of alienated scenes in which the subject exists in the modern society. The existentialist literary theory fit well with the theoretical anxiety of China in the 20 thcentury,and was translated and introduced into China as an important resource of knowledge. Nietzsche’s"Dionysian spirit"and"will to power,"greatly affirming the existential value of the individual subject as well as the independent spirit of literature and art,provided a powerful theoretical resource for China’s New Culture Movement in the May 4 th Movement period and the New Enlightenment Movement in the 1980 s. Heidegger’s theory,communicating and resonating with modern Chinese literary theory in terms of theoretical speculation,artistic self-discipline and aesthetic independence,promoted the modernity process of Chinese literary theory. Meanwhile,Sartre’s existentialist thoughts on human,freedom,and intervention,all in line with the appeals of China’s New Enlightenment Movement,became a knowledge resource to promote the modern humanist trend. The existentialist literary theory has profoundly affected the progress of China’s cultural modernity in the 20 thcentury. As an effective knowledge source,it has penetrated into the studies on contemporary literature,literary theory,aesthetics and culture,and facilitated the adjustment of knowledge ontology and methodology.