“[疒魯]”字考——兼谈闽地天花瘟疫史中的疒鲁府大神信仰流变

A Probe into the Belief of Great God of Lu Fu in Puxian,Fujian Province

福建莆仙地区民间信仰中称掌管传染性疾病天花的神明为"[疒魯]府大神",酬神的戏曲为"[疒魯]戏"。"[疒魯]府大神"信仰影响深远,甚至传播到了东南亚地区。该信仰的来源与"[疒魯]"字密切相关。古代天花称"虏疮",民间常将"虏"写作同音字"鲁",后又赘加"疒"旁,造出新字"[疒魯]",表示天花。明清时期闽南方言称天花为"[疒魯]",晚清时该词逐渐被"珠"取代,"[疒魯](鲁)"则保留在莆仙地区的民俗活动中。随着天花被消灭,这一民间宗教信仰活动也发生了变化,逐渐失去了"痘神"的特殊属性,成为了民众祈求孩童健康的神祇之一。

In the folk belief of Puxian region,the god in charge of the infectious disease smallpox was called Great God of Lu Fu,and the opera for the god was lu opera.The belief in the great god was so influential that it spread to southeast Asia.Its origin is closely related to the word lu.Smallpox in ancient times was named"Luchuang(虏疮)",in which"Lu(虏)"was often written as the homophone"鲁",then as"[疒魯]"among the folk.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,the smallpox was called"[疒魯]"in Minnan dialect,later gradually replaced by"珠(zhu)"in the late Qing dynasty."[疒魯](鲁;lu)"was retained in folk activities in Puxian area.With the elimination of smallpox,this folk religious belief has also changed,gradually losing the special attribute of"pox god"and becoming one of the gods for the health of children.