生物3D打印技术的新研究进展

New Progress of Biological 3D Printing Technology

离体构建生物组织和器官一直以来都是医学界和工程界共同面临的重要难题。由于三维组织结构成型复杂、微环境控制难度大、商业应用下的生产效率和可重复性等因素限制,传统制造方法很难实现生物组织和器官的有效构建。医学模型和生物相容性支架打印技术已发展较为成熟,但相对固定的加工工艺限制了其在活性生物材料打印领域的拓展;4D生物打印技术的概念提出较晚,重点在于产品的可编程性变形,但有关响应性材料的研究仍然较少。采用生物活性物质和生物兼容性材料作为打印墨水的生物3D打印技术,在复杂内部型腔和外部结构的构建方面优势凸显,可以实现器官组织的个性化定制,并高效生成三维活性构建体,在组织工程中的应用潜力巨大。着眼于生物3D打印中关键技术的发展态势,重点分析面向不同器官组织和功能性支架的生物3D打印机理及应用现状,并探讨其在发展过程中需要面临的挑战和仍需注重解决的问题,希望能为后续生物3D打印技术研究工作的大规模推进提供参考。

Constructing biological tissues and organs in vitro has always been a major problem for medical and engineering communities.Because of complex three-dimensional structure,difficulty in micro-environment control,and low efficiency and repeatability during production,the traditional methods are hard to be used for effective construction of tissues and organs.The printing technology for medical models and biocompatible scaffolds has been well developed,however the relatively rigid manufacturing process limits its expansion in the printing of active biomaterials.The concept of 4D bioprinting technology was proposed lately,focusing on the programmability of deformation control for products,however it still lacks sufficient researches on the responsive materials.3D bioprinting technology with bioactive substances and biocompatible materials as bioinks can realize the construction of personalized organs and tissues rapidly,which exhibits a huge advantage in the formation of complex internal cavities and external structures.This makes 3D bioprinting show a great potential in tissue engineering.This review focuses on the development of key technologies in 3D bioprinting,analyzes the principles and application status of object-oriented(tissues,organs and functional scaffolds)3D printing technologies,and discusses the challenges and issues need to be faced in the process of development.This work is expected to present reference background for advancing the large-scale development of biological 3D printing technology.