高污染工业企业减排:“威逼”还是“利诱”?——基于两控区与二氧化硫排放权交易政策的评估

Emission Reduction of the Heavily Polluting Industrial Enterprises: “Coercion” or “Inducement” ?——The Evaluation Based on TCZ and ETS Policy

企业减排依靠行政命令"威逼"还是市场机制"利诱",一直是学界争论的焦点。本文基于1998-2012年中国工业企业污染匹配数据库,考察了两控区政策与二氧化硫排放权交易试点政策对高污染工业企业减排的影响。研究发现:(1)两控区政策并未产生显著的减排效应,且经济增长也受到较大负面拖累。而2005年将环境绩效纳入官员考核体系之后,两控区政策虽然产生了14.9%的减排效应,但对企业经济质量损害依旧较大。(2)2007年的二氧化硫排放权交易试点政策效果显著,试点地区内高污染企业的二氧化硫排放量降低了11%,特别是市场化程度较高地区内企业的改善效果更为明显,且并未表现出经济效益受损迹象。(3)尽管排污权交易制度尚未能弥补两控区政策造成的经济损失,但两类政策的叠加减排效应明显。总之,高污染工业企业的减排不仅需要政府威逼产生的环境规制压力,更需要市场利诱吸引企业自发参与。

It has always been the focus of academic debate whether the emission reduction of enterprises depends on the coercion of executive command or the inducement of market mechanism.Based on the pollution database of China’s industrial enterprises from 1998 to 2012,this paper investigates the impact of TCZ and ETS policy on the emission reduction of high pollution industrial enterprises.The results show that: Firstly, TCZ policy affects economy but fails to reduce the emissions of SO2.However, environmental performance was included in the official assessment system in 2005,which made SO2 emissions decrease 14.9% in TCZ.But in terms of economy, it has damaged the economic quality of enterprises.Secondly, the effect of ETS policy in 2007 is remarkable.The SO2 emissions of enterprises in the pilot areas have been reduced by 11%;in highly market-oriented areas, the effect is more obvious without damage to the economic benefits of enterprises.Thirdly, although ETS has not yet been able to make up for the economic losses caused by TCZ policy, the combined emission reduction effect of them is obvious.In a word, the SO2 emissions reduction of the heavily polluting industrial enterprises needs not only the environmental regulation pressure generated by the government, but also the active participation of enterprises attracted by market inducement.