物权法定原则的立法论——兼评《民法典》的抉择

The Legislative Theory of Numerus Clausus Principle:On the Choice of the Civil Code

物权法的体系构造与规范设置,根本上是围绕着物权种类的设定与安排展开的。在物权种类与内容方面,物权法的体系构造与规范设置则体现了极强的强制色彩,而这一强制色彩的实现主要依靠物权法定原则。物权理论对物权法定原则的立场可以归结为“物权法定说”“物权自由说”以及“物权缓和说”。物权法定原则的立法论需要考量《民法典》的既成制度约束,回应《物权法》实施以来的物权实践动态,应当符合物权编整体规则体系完善的客观要求。在这些约束条件下审视,物权法定原则“严格论”面临着理论与实践的双重困境,“自由论”与我国的民法体系根本不相容,难以被立法采纳。破解之道就是在多元的法律观之下,接纳物权习惯法这一重要的规范形态,采纳“习惯法缓和论”。

The system construction and standard setting of real right law are basically centered on the setting and arrangement of real right types.In terms of the types and contents of real right,the system construction and standard setting of real right law show a strong mandatory feature,which is mainly realized by numerus clausus principle.The position of the theory on the numerus clausus principle can be summed up as follows:the theory of numerus clausus,the theory of numerus apertus and the theory of numerus relaxation.The legislative theory of numerus clausus principle needs to consider the existing influence of the general principles of Civil Code,respond to the real right practice since the implementation of the real right law and meet the objective requirements of the overall rule system of the part of property in the Civil Code.Under these constraints,the strict theory of numerus clausus is faced with the dual dilemma of theory and practice,and the theory of numerus apertus is incompatible with the system of civil law in our country,so it is difficult to be adopted by legislation.The way to solve this problem is to accept the customary law of real right as an important form of norms with multiple legal perception and adopt the theory of relaxation including the customary law.