基于观察学习理论对婴幼儿刷牙行为习得过程的定性研究

A qualitative study on acquisition process of young children brushing behavior based on observational learning theory

目的了解母亲为婴幼儿刷牙行为的观察学习过程,为促进婴幼儿刷牙行为提供依据。方法获取11~14月龄婴幼儿母亲进入微信群后的两个月内关于婴幼儿刷牙话题的聊天记录。采用社会网络分析方法描述话题内容及其参与情况。基于观察学习理论,采用定性分析方法,了解母亲为婴幼儿刷牙行为的习得过程。结果有21名母亲和1名口腔医生参与到8次婴幼儿刷牙话题讨论。刷牙配合障碍话题出现次数和参与讨论人数最多。在观察学习过程中,口腔医生作为示范者进行刷牙指导,行为再现成功的母亲随后成为示范者。母亲分享刷牙经验并获得他人肯定,行为得以强化。其他母亲采纳经验并行为再现后成为新的示范者。刷牙话题讨论引发更多母亲的行为注意并成为新的学习者,行为习得过程循环。结论本研究提示观察学习理论能够解释家长对婴幼儿刷牙行为的习得过程;鼓励家长报告行为障碍并分享经验,有助于促进更多家长关注并参与到婴幼儿刷牙行为实践中。

Objective To understand the observational and learning process of parents brushing teeth of their young children,and to provide evidences for promoting oral hygiene behaviors among young children.Methods The chat records of 11-14-month-old children’s mothers on the topic of young children tooth brushing were collected.These records were generated within two months after the mother entered the WeChat group.Social network analysis methods was applied to describe topics and members participation.Based on observational learning theory,qualitative analysis methods were used to understand the behavior changing models of learners in the learning process.Results There were 21 mothers and 1 dentist who participated in 8 topic discussions.Children resistance in tooth-brushing was the top discussed topic both in numbers of topics and participants.In observational learning process,the dentist acted as a model to demonstrate behaviors,and mothers who succeed in reproducing brushing behavior became models later.Model mothers shared their experience in coping with children resistance and gained praise from others,which then strengthened their behavior.Later,more mothers became models and shared their experience after adopting previous experiences and recurring behavior successfully.Besides,topic discussions attracted other mother’s behavioral attention and became new learners,and then the behavioral learning process recurred.Conclusion This study indicates that observational learning theory can be used to explain acquisition process of parental assisting tooth-brushing for young children.Encouraging parents to report behavioral barriers and share experiences can help attract parentst attention and participation in the practice of young children tooth-brushing behavior.