遗产的社会建构:话语、叙事与记忆--“百年未有之大变局”下的遗产传承与传播

The Social Construction of Heritage in China:Discourse,Narrative,and Memory-Inheritance and Dissemination of Heritage under the Status of“Profound Changes Unseen in A Century”

“百年未有之大变局”下遗产话语与实践正面临危机,基于历史学、民族学、社会学、符号学、文化学等梳理并构建跨学科理论逻辑体系,用社会建构的视角探讨我国遗产话语横向共时性的中西方平等对话、纵向历时性的文化符号表征与文化记忆的形成,提出“遗产社会建构框架”与“遗产共建共享:文化‘活态化’传承与传播的社会实践路径”,强调只有在对话与交流的基础上,以人为本、以文化为核心,对遗产文化符号进行“神圣化”“重复化”与“现时化”的阐释与展示,才能讲好中国传统文化故事,形成文化记忆,“活态化”传承与传播遗产文化,塑造民族文化自觉、文化自信与文化认同。

The intangible and tangible feature of heritage is not the focus of this paper;instead,heritage is regarded as“social facts”that first have been selected from history and secondly socially constructed—based on values and purposes of contemporary people.Besides,heritage can also be defined as a process of cultural practice,therefore heritage is related to experience,identity,intangibility,recollection itself as well as the process of remembering,performance,place,and disagreement.Nowadays,the protection and transmission of living heritage face enormous challenges;therefore,this paper tries to create a framework for a“social construction of heritage”and for“coconstructing&sharing heritage:a social and practical approach towards live inheritance and communication of culture”.This framework is based on sociology,historical studies,ethnology,and semiology,and it embodies the diachronic and synchronic basic characteristics of social construction of heritage.Research shows the following:First,equality in heritage discourse is a precondition of social construction of heritage,and crosscultural communication and negotiation are the best ways to solve possible controversies that can occur anywhere.Second,presentation and interpretation of heritage are important.Third,cultural symbolism of heritage should be based on its historical context plus it should be interpreted and presented as something that is either“actualized,”“reproduced”,and/or“made sacred”so that cultural memory can take shape.Moreover,heritage's past,present,and future should not be separated,because cultural memory is a mechanism that transmits the meaning of symbols that we find in heritage culture.Therefore the purpose of both synchronic and diachronic construction of heritage is to arouse people's interest in it so that they can breathe new life into heritage culture as they start living it again,and-as a result-be able to pass it on to the next generations.Only in this way,the good story of Chinese traditional culture can be told,cultural memory can be achieved,heritage culture will be lived and transmitted as a living entity.By doing so,national awareness of culture,cultural confidence,and cultural identity will be achieved.In terms of the next step on the social construction of heritage, we should try to comprehend intangible heritage with the help of “local knowledge”, look after those vulnerable and voiceless communities in remote areas, and protect and care for ancient folk culture rooted in popular belief or oral tradition on the verge of being forgotten. Under a vision that sees all of us being a single community with a shared future, crosscultural comparative research should be strengthened and a comparative study should be conducted on heritage cultural texts, heritage oral tradition, and heritage social conventions at home and abroad.