晚明清初淑媛倪仁吉香草园意匠及其女性特质

Study on the Landscape Design and Its Feminine Characteristic of Talented Lady Ni Renji's Xiangcaoyuan Garden in Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

实地考察位于浙江义乌大元村由晚明清初士绅阶层女性倪仁吉营造的香草园遗址,并结合史料复原其景观原貌及示意平面,发现香草园意匠虽与明清江南士人园林有相似性,但倪仁吉可以自由出入中门,园内主体建筑以她女性化特质强烈的号“凝香”命名,体现出女性对园林空间的主导意识;多用男性士人视野下颇具女性特征的花木造景,植物配色较明清男性在园林中为女性营造的女性空间更多彩,造景植物的选择因她所属士绅阶层而在品赏及情感表达层面有别于平民阶层女性;她的园居生活兼具男性士人情致与女性趣味,具有代表士绅阶层女性园林活动的典型性,且依据园居类型的不同选择或开敞或隐蔽的活动空间,与多被安置在男性所造园林边缘区域内的女性活动空间的遮蔽性相区别.

Xiangcaoyuan Garden was built by Ni Renji,a talented lady of gentry class in the late Ming and early Qing period.Based on field inspections of Xiangcaoyuan Garden site in Dayuan Village,Yiwu,Zhejiang province,and combined with historical materials,this study restored its original landscape and schematic plan.It is found that the landscape design of Xiangcaoyuan Garden is similar to Jiangnan literati gardens in Ming and Qing Dynasties.However,Ni Renji could freely move in and out of the middle gate leading to the garden,the garden main hall was named after her strong feminine assumed name"aroma condensation"(ningxiang),which reflects women's dominant consciousness of garden space.The garden was designed with plants with feminine characteristics from the perspective of male literati.The color scheme of plants was more colorful than the plant design of female space in the garden designed by men in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Gentry lady Ni's choice of garden design plants was also different from the commoner class women in terms of taste and emotional expression.Ni's garden activities had both the taste of male gentry and the feminine interests,and were typical of representing gentry women.According to the different types of garden activities,she chose open or hidden activity space,which is different from the concealment of female activity spaces that were mostly placed in the garden created by male.