美国手工训练运动史:目标、机构与生存

History of American Manual Training Movement:Aim,Institution and Existence

手工训练运动是西方职业教育史研究者较为关注的经典议题。既往研究较为关注手工训练运动与职业教育运动在时间向度上的先后衔接,进而,手工训练运动常常被理解为职业教育先驱运动。结合史料可见,手工训练运动领袖试图宣传的是手工训练的心智形塑价值,将手工训练课程引入公立学校系统,一展打破社会阶层复制的雄心壮志。公立学校系统由悦纳至淡漠的转变,全国教育协会领袖的犹疑,乃至部分劳工组织的攻讦,迫使手工训练运动在观念渗透、媒介宣传、教育实践推广工作上陷入僵局,最终让位于异质的职业教育运动。手工训练运动试图在教育内容上整合手工劳动和脑力劳动,在教育价值上融合通识教育和职业教育,对深入理解劳动、教育和职业具有重要的启发意义。

Western historians of education have focused on Manual Training Movement for a long time. Most of them paid more attention to the connection of time dimension between manual training and vocational education,and labeled manual training as the prelude of vocational education. According to the historical material,it is found that leaders of manual training movement upheld the mental discipline or formal discipline philosophy of manual training,and tried to unite the public school system to break the class reproduction.The transformation of the public school system from acceptance to indifference,the hesitation of the leaders of the National Education Association,and the criticism of some labor organizations,forced the manual training movement to fail in concept penetration,media publicity,and education practice promotion,and finally gave way to the heterogeneous vocational education movement. This Movement tried to harmonize manual labor and mental labor,integrate general education and vocational education,which is of great significance to deeply understand the relations between labor,education and vocation.