社会现象客观性的实证主义论证及实践

Positivism Argument and Practice for the Objectivity of Social Phenomena

社会现象的客观性是社会认识能够科学化,从而使社会科学成为科学的一个基本条件。迪尔凯姆论证了社会现象的外在性、普遍性等客观属性,纽拉特从物理主义进一步要求社会现象的客观性是用物理语言表述和支持的。对社会现象客观性的实证主义论证,形成了一条具有方法论意义的可观察性原则,即社会科学中的客观性要素是以可测量的物理语言表述的。诺贝尔经济学奖获得者萨缪尔森在批判"基数效用论"与"序数效用论"的基础上提出"显示偏好理论",说明了现实的社会科学研究是如何贯彻实证主义的可观察性原则的。

The objectivity of social phenomena is a basic condition for the scientific understanding of society and it makes social science to be science.Durkheim argued that social phenomena have such attributes as externality,universality and objectivity,etc.From the perspective of physicalism,Neurath further required that the objectivity of social phenomena should be expressed and supported by the physical language.The positivism argument for the objectivity of social phenomena has formed an observability principle with methodological significance,that is,the objective elements in social science are expressed in measurable physical language.Nobel Laureate in Economics Samuelson proposed the"Revealed Preference Theory"based on the critique of"Cardinal Utility Theory"and"Ordinal Utility Theory",which illustrates how the observability of positivism is implemented in realistic social science research.