明清时期下层卫所归附人的在地化——以福建惠安燕山出氏为例

The Localization of the Lower-class Guards Attached to Military Posts in Ming and Qing Dynasties——Taking the Chu Family in Hui’an,Fujian for Example

惠安燕山出氏家族的发展历史反映了明清时期下层卫所归附人的在地化过程。明初,身为纳哈出部属的出氏先祖不归公被安置到福州中卫,成为军户;其后,与妻儿一道被调拨到惠安县屯种,从塞外牧民转型为东南农户。作为屯军,出氏家族的婚姻、迁居、产业均围绕军屯展开。自第五世始,出氏家族分化为大妈支和细妈支,初具宗族雏形。明清易代,出氏卫所屯军的身份逐渐弱化,最终成为民户,又凭借粮户归宗政策,构建新的宗族。出氏族人不断强调自身归附人和卫所屯军身份,一方面凝聚族人,一方面突显其产业来历的合法性。

The research on the people attached to the military posts of the Ming Dynasty is an important topic in the national history of the Dynasty and the military posts system and other fields.Materials limited,there are few special articles on the situation of the middle-lower-level officers and soldiers.The development history of the Chu Family in Yanshan,Hui’an County reflects the localization process of lower-class guards attached to the military posts in Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the early Ming Dynasty,Chu’s ancestor,Bugui,a subordinate of Naha Chu Tribe,was assigned in Fuzhou Military Post and became a military household;later,together with his wife and children,he was transferred to Hui’an County,becoming a farmer in the southeast from a herdsman outside the Great Wall.As a part of the garrison,the Chu family’s marriage,migration and industry all revolved around the garrison.Since the fifth generation,the Chu family has been divided into Dama branch and Xima branch,and has taken shape of clan.When the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming,the Chu’s status of being in the garrison gradually weakened,and the family eventually became civilian households.Relying on the policy of returning grain farmers to their families,they built new clans.The Chus constantly emphasize the identity of the people attached to the military posts,to unite the clansmen and highlight the legitimacy of their industrial origin.