交叉视野下体育运动民刑风险承担规则的协调适用探究——基于《民法典》第1176条自甘风险规则的思考

Coordination and application of civil and criminal risk bearing rules in sports from the perspective of cross vision:Thinking based on the"voluntary risk rule"in article 1176 of Civil Code

《民法典》第1176条规定了公民在参加具有风险性的体育运动时,除故意或重大过失外,参与人自我承担损害的自甘风险规则。该规则既强化了参与人参与体育运动的积极性,又维护了私法意思自治,对促进体育事业发展的意义重大。然而,对体育运动风险实现的后果认定,不仅是民法单一部门法的“专利”,其也交叉涉及刑事责任的产生与承担。而自甘风险规则是否可以作为免除行为人刑事责任的依据,如何与刑法规则协调适用是一个值得深思的问题。对此,理应秉承整体法秩序统一的理念,避免民法与刑法作出相互矛盾的解释。因此,应当依据风险实现的行为意识与结果意识,沟通民法过错与刑法罪责语境,否定因一般过失造成损害的行为的刑事责任,承认因重大过失或故意造成损害的行为构成犯罪的可能性。

The Civil Code establishes the"self willing risk rule"that participants should bear the damage themselves except for intentional or gross negligence when they participate in risk sports.After the implementation of the rules,it not only consolidates the enthusiasm of participating in sports,but also maintains the autonomy of private law,so it is of great significance to promote the development of sports.However,it is not only the"patent"of civil law,but also cross related to the criminal responsibility.Whether the rule can be used as the basis for exempting the perpetrator from criminal responsibility and how to apply it harmoniously with the criminal law rules is a question worth pondering.Therefore,we should adhere to the idea of the unity of the whole law and order,and avoid the contradictory interpretation of the risk bearing of sports between civil law and criminal law.In order to realize the coordination of the two,we should communicate the context of civil law fault and criminal responsibility according to the behavior consciousness and result consciousness of risk realization,deny the criminal responsibility of damage caused by general negligence,and admit the possibility of serious negligence or intentional damage behavior constituting a crime.