基于多个利益相关方的中药生态农业经济效益分析

Analysis of economic benefits of Chinese medicine eco-agriculture based on multiple stakeholders

伴随着中药生态农业宣言"不向农田抢地,不与草虫为敌,不惧山高林密,不负山青水绿"的提出和"拟境栽培"理论体系的形成,中药材生态种植已在全国遍地开花,并形成了科学的理论、技术和模式。该文从生产者、消费者和国家3个利益相关方角度,系统分析了中药生态农业的综合效益和发展优势。从生产者角度,比较了人参、黄芪、苍术和柴胡等中药材的常规农业与生态农业在投入和产出收益情况,发现中药材生态农业在净收益、平均年收益和投入产出比等方面优势明显;从消费者角度,按照相同的服药剂量,生态种植的中药材有效成分含量明显高于常规种植的,并且患者摄入有效物质的量也多,更好地达到治疗效果;在国家发展战略层面,开展中药材生态种植是确保中药材产业高质量发展,防止耕地"非粮化",实现农民增收,保障人民用药安全及促进农业可持续发展的关键。综合来看,中药生态农业优势明显,既可通过生态位最佳利用提高产量,增加经济效益,又能基于"逆境效应"发展"拟境栽培",实现质量提升。中药生态农业宣言体现了生态农业的核心特征和发展目标,以宣言指导实践,实现中药农业生态、绿色、可持续发展。

As the most advanced environment-friendly production model in the international society, ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica(CMM) is the only way for the development of modern agriculture. With the proposal of the declaration on ecolo-gical agriculture of CMM, "Don′t grab land from farmland, don′t be enemies of grass and insects, don′t be afraid of barren slopes and forests, and live up to the green and green mountains", the ecological planting of CMM has blossomed all over the country, and formed a scientific theory, technology and model. Based on the theory and method of economics, this paper expounds the comprehensive benefits and development advantages of ecological agriculture of CMM from the perspectives of farmers(producers), patients(consumers) and the country. From the perspective of medicinal farmers, the input and output income of conventional agriculture and ecological agriculture of CMM such as Panax ginseng, Astragalus propinquus, Atractylodes lancea, and Bupleurum chinense were compared, and it was found that ecological agriculture of CMM had obvious advantages in net income, average annual income and input-output ratio, which could better promote farmers′ income. From the perspective of patients, according to the same dose, the content of active ingredients in ecologically planted CMMs is significantly higher than that in conventionally-planted herbs, and the amount of effective substances taken by patients is also higher, so as to achieve better therapeutic effect. At the national level, ecological planting of CMM is the key to ensuring the high-quality development of CMM industry, increasing farmers′ income, ensuring the safety of people′s drug use and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. It is also an important part of realizing the harmonious development of economy, society and environment and promoting ecological civilization. In general, the declaration on ecological agriculture of CMM embo-dies the core characteristics and goals of ecological agriculture, and also points of the path and vision of ecological agriculture of CMM in the future. The declaration will guide production practice, promote the benefit of farmers, and lay the foundation for the sustainable development of CMM industry.