中药生态农业中杂草对作物的影响及其生态防控

Effects of weeds on crops and their ecological control in ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica

杂草是中药农业生态系统中的重要组成部分,对药用植物是一把双刃剑,利弊共存。该文分析了杂草对中药材生产的影响,并从种间相互关系、土壤微生态环境、光环境、有害生物自然控制等方面阐释了杂草对中药材产生有利影响的可能机制,提出了3个杂草防控的基本原则,即"药草平衡,总体最优""预防为主,综合防治""保益除害,增益控害"。最后梳理了中药材生产过程中几种常见的杂草生态防控技术,包括免耕控草、秸秆覆盖治草、轮作治草、以草治草、利用作物竞争性治草、化感作用治草等。该文旨在应用生态学理论指导杂草管理和防控,兴利除弊,变害为宝,促进中药材生产的持续健康发展以及杂草多样性的保护。

Weeds is one of the important parts of agricultural ecosystem of Chinese materia medica. Weeds is a double-edged sword with advantages and disadvantages for the cultivated medicinal plants. In this study, we firstly analyzed the positive and negative effects of weeds on the yield and quality of Chinese materia medica. We then explored the possible mechanisms for the weeds′ positive effects from the aspects of interspecific relationship, soil microecological environment, light environment, natural control of pests and so on. We also summarized three basic principles of weed control, that is, "making medicinal plants and weeds coexist harmoniously, achieving the overall optimum growth of medicinal plants", "prevention first, integrated control" and "preserving beneficial weeds and increasing their beneficial effects, removing harmful weeds and control their adverse effects". Finally, we introduced several common weed ecological control technology in field of the cultivated medicinal plants in China, including technology of controlling weeds by no-tillage, stral mulch, rotation, alternative herbs, competitive crops, and allelopathy. This study is aimed to apply the ecology theory to guide weed management and control, so as to achieve the goal of advantages promotion and disadvantages elimination of weeds to cultivated medicinal plants, making weeds into treasure and to promote the sustainable and healthy development of Chinese medicinal materials production and the protection of weed diversity.