社会转型与观念变更--从西方近现代社会转型和哲学转型说开去

Social Transformation and Mindset Change:Explanation Beginning from Modern Social and Philosophical Transformation in the West

社会转型与观念变更从属于社会存在和社会意识,也与经济基础和上层建筑的对立统一相对应。转型期的社会存在和社会意识都因其不确定性而决定了其关系的复杂性。19世纪后半叶,随着资本主义所固有的矛盾的激化,并与旧有的社会矛盾相互交织,使这一时期西方各国的社会矛盾呈现出错综复杂的状态。既有以马克思、恩格斯的科学社会主义为主导的社会主义运动,又有各种形式的资产阶级改良主义运动。思想文化的发展和变更也与此相适应。这种状况在一定程度上决定了这一时期西方哲学及马克思主义哲学在发展形态上必然具有一些与以往和以后哲学不同的特性,它们集中地表现为西方哲学进入近现代过渡时期以及马克思主义经典作家这时对他们以往的学说加以反思。西方学者在哲学上强化了对与早期资本主义相应的传统理性主义的批判,马克思和恩格斯也对两个“必然”作了更为全面的阐释,并提出了两个“决不会”的观点。总的说来,马克思的哲学变革和西方学者在哲学上实现从近现代转型都是一个过程,这一过程都必然受到西方资本主义现实社会发展过程的制约。后者的复杂性和曲折性使前者必然同样存在相应的复杂性和曲折性。社会转型与观念变更的相互依存和相互转化的原理对于新中国同样适用,而且得到了新的发展。从邓小平到习近平,几届中央领导都对中国特色的马克思主义作了重大发展,而这也意味着他们对社会转型与观念理论作了重大发展。我们应当深入、全面地学习他们的理论,提高在这方面的认识。

Social transformation and mindset change are affiliated to social existence and social consciousness and correspond with the unity of opposites of economic basis and the superstructure.During the transitional period,the uncertainty of social existence and social consciousness determines the complexity of their relationship.During the second half of 1800s,the intrinsic contradiction of capitalism intensified and intertwined with old social contradictions,which resulted in complicated social contradictions in different western countries.The socialist movement led by scientific socialism proposed by Marx and Engels coexisted with various bourgeois reformist movements.Ideology and culture developed and changed accordingly.To some extent,this situation determined that western philosophy and Marxist philosophy during this period must have some features of development form distinct from the past and future philosophies,which mainly reflected in the transition of western philosophy towards modern period and the reconsideration of the past theories by the authors of Marxist classics.Western scholars emphasized the criticism on traditional rationalism corresponding to early capitalism.Marx and Engels also elaborated more comprehensively on two“necessities”and proposed two“never”opinions with slight difference from the past but united with them in principle.In general,both the philosophical change of Marx and the modern transformation of western scholars in philosophy is a process,which must be restricted by the real social development process of western capitalism.The former must be tinted with the same complexity and zigzag of the latter.The principle of coexistence and mutual conversion of social transformation and mindset change is also applied to new China and gets new development.The leaders of Central Committee of CPC from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping have made great development of Marxism with Chinese characteristics,which also means the great development of social transformation and mindset change by them.We must learn their theories deeply and comprehensively and enhance the awareness in this area.