从“渐进合作”到“多边融合”:新中国学生体育健康促进政策的历史回眸与现实审思

From“Cooperation”to“Integration”:Review and Reflection on the Policy of Promoting Students’Physical Education and Health in the People’s Republic of China

采用文献资料法和逻辑演绎法对新中国70余年学生体育健康政策背景、阶段特征与历史成就进行归纳梳理。研究认为:学生体育健康政策契合国家政治、经济发展态势,历经了筚路蓝缕——在自主探索和学习苏联中开辟新道路(1949—1966年);披荆斩棘——动荡中艰难发展(1967—1976年);吐故纳新——改革开放带动下的改革发展(1977—1999年);继往开来——新世纪课程改革驱动下的理念革新与制度深化(2000—2015年)和日新月异——“大健康”概念引领下的多边融合(2016年至今)等5个演变阶段。基于政策发展的现实审思视角,从公共政策基本环节中制定、执行和评估3个环节进行反思,并提出相关建议:(1)政策制定应从民主性、全面性、科学性与明确性4个方面考量;(2)政策执行应基于层级性治理与多属性治理两大范畴,协调真实性与失真性问题,保证政策执行既不“墨守成规”,也不“跑偏走样”,实现“求神似,去形似”;消解“孤岛现象”与合作困境,充分挖掘并开启家庭、社会等其他主体价值,促进学校、社区、家庭对学生健康治理从“割裂”走向“融合”,由“单兵作战”走向“渐进合作”,并最终实现“多边融合”;(3)政策评估应从“立法听证”“行政听证”和“政策研讨”多维度进行评估体系构建。

By means of literature research and logical deduction,this paper summarizes the background,stage characteristics and historical achievements of students’physical education and health policy in 70 years of new China.The research shows that:Students’physical education and health policies are in line with the national political and economic development trend,and have gone through a long way:opening up a new path in independent exploration and learning from the Soviet Union(1949-1966);overcoming obstacles:difficult development in turbulence(1967-1976);giving up the old and adopting the new:reform and development driven by reform and opening up(1977-1999);carrying forward the past and opening up the future-curriculum reform in the new century.The concept innovation and system deepening driven by reform(2000-2015)and the multilateral integration led by the concept of“Enlarged Health”(2016-)have five evolution stages.Based on the realistic perspective of policy development,this paper reflects on the three basic links of public policy:formulation,implementation and evaluation,and puts forward relevant suggestions:1)policy formulation should be considered from four aspects:democracy,comprehensiveness,scientificity and clarity;2)policy implementation should be based on two categories of hierarchical governance and multi-attribute governance,coordinating authenticity and distortion,and ensuring political stability.The implementation of the policy is neither“conformist”nor“biased”,realizing“pursuing spiritual consistency and abandoning formal consistency”;dispelling“isolated island phenomenon”and cooperation dilemma,fully excavating and opening the value of family,society and other subjects,promoting the healthy governance of school,community and family students from“separation”to“integration”,and from“individual combat”to“gradual cooperation”;3)the policy evaluation system should be constructed from the perspectives of legislative hearing,administrative hearing and policy discussion.