康德“目的论判断力辩证论”中的“直觉的知性”

The“Intuitive Understanding”in the“Dialectic of Teleological Judgement”

很少人真正重视《判断力批判》“目的论判断力辩证论”中康德谈及的“直觉的知性”,因为这与他在先验哲学中做出的著名的二元论区分相冲突。但是不得不承认,在“目的论判断力辩证论”的文本语境之中,这种看似矛盾的奇怪表述确实有其内在合理的原因。在康德眼中,真正的自然目的并不陷入到任何目的论判断的二律背反之中:它不可能是机械论自然观中的经验性原因,也不可能是完全外在于自然的超越理念。它只能是一个预先统合经验与超验、普遍与特殊、“一”与“多”的整全视野。而这个整全视野只能是一种这样的综合性的人类能力:它既因为摆脱了抽象的知性思维,所以是“直觉的”,又因为具有理智的超越特征,所以是“知性”。康德的“直觉的知性”学说启发了后来的德国观念论者,而又呈现了先验哲学独有的本质特征。

The“intuitive understanding”in the“Critique of Teleological Judgement”has not been fully researched,because it seems that it is contradictory to the dualistic distinction in Kant’s transcendental philosophy.But it cannot be denied that in the context of the“Critique of Teleological Judgement”,this seemingly contradictory expression really has its plausibility.In Kant’s eyes,true end of nature will not fall in any antinomy of teleological judgement:it cannot be the empirical reason in the natural view of mechanism,nor the transcendent idea out of nature.It can only be a holistic horizon previously unifying the empirical and transcendent,the universal and particular,“one”and“manifold”.And this holistic horizon can only be this synthetic ability of human being:on one hand,it goes beyond the abstract way of understanding,so it is“intuitive”,on the other hand,it has intellectual character of transcendence,so it is the“understanding”.Kant’s theory of“intuitive understanding”gives inspirationg to the later German Idealists,and has the distinguishing nature of transcendental philosophy.