“番族图”的兴衰与演变——以画史中的“观众”为线索

The Rise and Fall of the Fan Zu Paintings:Taking the Audience in the History of Painting as a Clue

中国古代艺术史中存在大量少数民族题材的图像。《宣和画谱》专门列出“番族”一门,来划分此类绘画。本文旨在通过“观众”的角度,来阐释“番族图”这一画科兴衰演变的原因。早期的番族图主要记录少数民族前来中原王朝朝贡交好的历史事件,表达以德怀远的政治理想,面向的观众主要是君主和官僚。五代至宋,伴随着少数民族的南迁,一种以真实再现少数民族生活为主题的番族图流行起来,并赢得了中原和蜀地观众的支持。靖康之难后,兴起了一系列以历史典故为题材的番族图。这一现象背后,有南宋宫廷的官方支持。如“文姬图”和“昭君图”的创制,即主要寄托“归汉”和“思汉”的民族情感,并宣扬南宋政权的正统性。而以唐太宗便桥会盟为题材的绘画,则又表达了对“万国来朝”之理想的追复。这类更具情感性、故事性的绘画,影响不限于宫廷和朝堂,而是扩散至民间乃至金廷。元代之后,在文人画兴起的浪潮下,番族图未能获得文人观众的支持,退出了画史的主流。番族图这一画科的兴衰演变,可以帮助我们理解画史和观众的互动关系。

There are a large number of images of minority subjects in the history of ancient Chinese art.Xuan He Hua Pu specifically listed Fan Zu to differentiate this type of painting.The purpose of this paper is to explain the reasons for the rise and fall of the Fan Zu Paintings by the perspective of the audience.In the early periods,the audience of Fan Zu Paintings were mainly monarchs and bureaucrats.The purpose of the audience was mainly to record the historical events of the ethnic minorities who came to the Central Plains dynasty and to express their political ideas.From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty,along with the southward migration of ethnic minorities,a figure of Fan Zu Paintings with the theme of truly reproducing minority life became popular and won wide support from the Central Plains’audience.After the cataclysm of Jing Kang,a series of Fan Zu Paintings with historical allusions were raised.Behind this phenomenon was the official support of the court of the Southern Song Dynasty.Such as the creation of Wen Ji Paintings and Zhao Jun paintings,that was,mainly relying on the national sentiments of"Returning to Han"and"Longing for Han",and preaching the orthodoxy of the Southern Song regime.The paintings on the theme of the Emperor Tang Taizong’s Bridge Association also expressed the pursuit of the hope for All nations coming to tribute.The influence of such more emotional and story-like paintings was not limited to the court,but spread to the civilians.After the Yuan Dynasty,under the wave of literati paintings,the Fan Zu Paintings failed to gain the support of the literati audience,and withdrew from the mainstream of painting history.The rise and fall of Fan Zu Paintings can help us understand the interaction between the history of painting and the audience.