贵州百里杜鹃风景区旅游干扰对杜鹃群落特征的影响

Ecological influence of tourism disturbance on the characteristics of different communities in Baili Rhododendron forest

为揭示旅游干扰对于百里杜鹃风景区杜鹃群落特征影响,选取杜鹃纯林和杜鹃混交林两种杜鹃群落,分析干扰对群落结构及物种多样性的影响。采用典型抽样的方法进行样地设置和调查,通过旅游影响系数分析样地旅游干扰等级,并分析对比了不同旅游干扰程度和干扰方式对群落特征的影响。研究表明:1)百里杜鹃景区共有植被67科102属130种,其中杜鹃纯林共有植被97种,以马缨杜鹃、箭竹和露珠杜鹃为优势物种,杜鹃混交林共有植被115种,以马缨杜鹃、露珠杜鹃和映山红为优势种;2)两种杜鹃群落均在中等干扰水平时具有最高的Berger⁃Parker丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数,中度干扰一定程度上促进了杜鹃群落物种多样性增加,不同的是两种群落的Shannon指数变化趋势不同,在杜鹃纯林中表现为中度干扰>轻度干扰>重度干扰,而在杜鹃混交林中中度干扰>重度干扰>轻度干扰,相较于杜鹃纯林,杜鹃混交林物种更为丰富,在旅游干扰下生物多样性更为稳定,抗干扰能力更强,而杜鹃纯林受旅游干扰波动显著;3)垃圾指数、踩踏指数与杜鹃混交林物种多样性指数、群落生长结构无明显相关性,而垃圾指数与杜鹃纯林Shannon多样性指数、物种数以及草本均高呈显著负相关,踩踏指数与杜鹃纯林灌木层高度、盖度呈现极显著负相关,与草本均高呈显著正相关;4)各杜鹃群落对旅游干扰有不同响应,为保持杜鹃群落稳定性,应在花季适当分流,严格控制杜鹃纯林的重度干扰。

In order to reveal the influence of tourism disturbance on characteristics of Rhododendron community in Baili Rhododendron Scenic Area,two Rhododendron communities of pure Rhododendron forest and mixed Rhododendron forest were selected to analyze the impact of disturbance on community structure and species diversity.The tourism influence index was applied to explore the impact of different tourism disturbance degrees and disturbance approaches on the Azalea communities′characteristics by using typical sampling method.The results showed that 1)there were 130 species azalea of 102 genera and 67 families in the Baili Rhododendron forest.The pure forests included 97 species with the dominant species of rhododendron delavayi,fargesia and rhododendron irroratum.The mixed forests included 115 species with the dominant species of rhododendron delavayi,rhododendron irroratum and rhododendron simsii.2)The two Rhododendron communities had the highest Berger⁃Parker richness index and Shannon diversity index at moderate disturbance level.Moderate disturbance promoted the increase of species diversity of Rhododendron community to a certain extent.The difference was that the Shannon index of the two communities changed.The variation trend in the pure forests is moderate disturbance>light disturbance>severe disturbance,while that is moderate disturbance>severe disturbance>light disturbance in mixed forests.The communities are more abundant and stable with strong resistance under tourism disturbance in mixed Rhododendron forests than that in pure Rhododendron forests.3)The garbage index and trample index have no obvious correlation with the species diversity index and community growth structure of the mixed Rhododendron forests,while the garbage index is significantly negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity index,species number and herb mean height in the pure Rhododendron forests.The trample index shows a very significant negative correlation with the height and coverage of the shrub layers of the pure forests,which is positively correlated with herb mean height.4)Each Rhododendron community responds differently to tourism disturbances.In order to maintain the stability of Rhododendron community,it necessary to divert the tourist during the flowering season and the severe disturbance of pure Rhododendron forests should be strictly controlled.