论行政处罚中的状态责任

State Liability in the Administrative Penalty

2021年修订的《行政处罚法》只对违法行为进行处罚,未明确规定行政处罚中的状态责任。相关司法裁判对于状态责任的认定,也缺乏必要的法律依据。状态责任是基于相对人对具有违法状态的物的支配而产生的消除违法以及在未履行该义务时受处罚的责任。拘泥于行为责任的《行政处罚法》并不能成为状态责任的适当依据,涉及状态责任的义务移转更是需要基于法律规定。由于对状态责任的认定问题在规划建设领域比较集中,应在《城乡规划法》中增设状态责任条款,并对状态责任人合理确定具体的追责对象。

The Administrative Penalty Law revised in the 2021 only penalizes the illegal behavior,but doesn’t clearly regulate the state liability.In the meantime,the concerning judicial decisions lacked of indispensable legal basis.The state liability refers to the liability that the administrative counterparts possessing the things with the illegal state are responsible for removing such a state.In addition,when they don’t remove it,the administrative counterparts will be punished.Sticking to the illegal behavior liability,the Administrative Penalty Law can’t be the appropriate basis for dealing with the state liability.What’s more,the transfer of obligations involving the state liability needs a legal basis as well.Because the judicial practice of the state liability mainly focuses on the urban project and construction,the state liability should be added to the Urban and Rural Planning Law and the specific liable person between the administrative counterparts who should bear the state liability and the counterparts who should bear behavior liability should be also reasonably ascertained.