中国保护非物质文化遗产“建档”实践与理论探索——以《中国唐卡文化档案》项目为例

The Practice and Theoretical Exploration of “Documentation” for Protecting Intangible Cultural Heritage in China——Taking the Chinese Thangka Cultural Archives Project as an Example

非物质文化遗产建档工作是非遗保护工作中的关键环节。关于建档概念,联合国教科文组织《保护非物质文化遗产公约》《实施〈保护非物质文化遗产公约〉操作指南》《保护非物质文化遗产的伦理原则》系列文件中都有表述。2004年,中国成为保护非物质文化遗产公约的缔约国。2011年《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》在国家立法的层面针对非遗的建档确立了实施主体、建档对象。随着非遗保护工作不断推进,更多的行动主体加入,其中包括中国民间文艺家协会的"中国唐卡文化档案"项目。该项目通过对唐卡主要产地和流布地域的普查、记录、整理、建档和编纂各环节,在实践中逐步建立起了项目制建档的模式。至今十余年的行动中,该项目经历了初期实验、建档理念调整,直至全面启动并确立了普查建档的原则、内容、标准等理论思考和工作规范。唐卡文化建档的实践理论是项目实施主体、行动方、专家在实施过程中反复协商、讨论的结果。通过梳理、总结和反思项目建档实践中形成的多元主体合作工作模式,提供非遗保护多元行动方的案例,有助于提升我国非遗保护工作的建设能力,为非遗进入科学保护阶段提供实践经验和理论参考。

Documentation of intangible cultural heritage is a key part for intangible cultural heritage works. Addressing the concept for documentation, the UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage(2003), Operational Directives for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage(2008) and Ethical Principles for Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage(2015) have all made statements. China became a state party to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2004 and in 2011 Intangible Cultural Heritage Law established the implementation body, the object of the documentation from the national legislative level. "Chinese Thangka Culture Archives Project" has gradually established the model of making and building archives in practice through the census, recording, arrangement, documentation and compiling of the main production and distribution areas of Thangka. Through reviewing, summarizing and reflecting upon the multi-subject cooperative work mode formed in the project documentation practices, it can facilitate the improvement of the construction capacity of intangible cultural heritage protection in China. It also provides practical experience and theoretical reference for intangible cultural heritage to enter the stage of scientific protection.