历史仪式礼貌视阈下晚清奏疏恭维言语行为研究

A Study on the Speech Act of Compliments in Memorials to the Throne in the Late Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Historical Ritual Politeness

本研究以《出使奏疏》为语料,基于Kádár的仪式礼貌理论,从历史语用学视角探究晚清奏疏恭维言语行为的仪式化表达、语用策略及权利义务关系内涵。研究发现,晚清臣子以固定的体例和词句实现仪式框架下的规约恭维表达,具备阶层性特征;在采用隐性恭维赞美皇上的同时,基于引导、鼓励等策略,使用肯定过去、预赞、转折等恭维手段实现非规约性表达,具备功能性与互动性特征。仪式化规约表达是强调臣子权利义务的仪式化言语烙印,仪式化非规约表达是维护、推进臣子权利义务的仪式化言语工具,两者作用于仪式群体道德秩序的感知与修复,是君臣间道德秩序的仪式化构建手段。本研究以“形式-功能”为研究路径,对晚清奏疏恭维言语行为进行探讨,旨在为汉语历史(不)礼貌研究提供可借鉴的范式。

Based on Kádár(2017)’s ritual theory,the study explores the ritual expression,pragmatic strategies and the connotation of the relationship between rights and obligations of compliments in the late Qing Dynasty’s memorials to the throne from the perspective of Historical Pragmatics.The data are adopted from Chushi Zoushu.The major findings are as follows:first,by using regular style and expressions,ministers express ritual compliment in a conventional way,which reveals the feature of hierarchy;second,based on the strategies of guidance and encouragement,ministers flatter the emperor implicitly to express unconventional compliment by using ways of affirming the past,praising in advance and abrupt transition,which is both functional and interactive.The conventional expression erects a ritualized language flag to emphasize the rights and obligations of ministers,while the unconventional expression presents the ritualized language tool to maintain and promote the rights and obligations of ministers.Both of them act on the perception and repair of the moral order in ritual group and build the moral order between the emperor and ministers ritually.Through the“form/function”approach,the study explores the speech act of compliment in memorials in the late Qing Dynasty,aiming to provide a paradigm for the study of Chinese historical(im)politeness.